Untitled - Kelly Walsh High School

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CHAPTER 20 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆ Nuclear Chemistry ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆ You should read this chapter if you need to review or learn about: ➜ Nuclear reactions ➜ Nuclear stability ➜ Half-lives (t1/2) Mass/energy conversions ➜ ➜ ➜ Nuclear fission and fusion Nuclear decay problems 291 Copyright © 2007 by John Moore and Richard Langley. Click here for terms of use.
292 CHEMISTRY FOR THE UTTERLY CONFUSED Get Started Our goal in this chapter is to help you learn about nuclear reactions, including nuclear decay as well as fission and fusion. If needed, review the section in Chapter 2 on isotopes and the section in Chapter 13 on integrated rate laws which discusses first-order kinetics. And just like the previous nineteen chapters, be sure to Practice, Practice, Practice. 20-1 Nuclear Reactions Most nuclear reactions involve the breaking apart of the nucleus into two or more different elements or subatomic particles. If we know all but one of the particles, then the unknown particle can be determined by balancing the nuclear equation. When chemical equations are balanced, we add coefficients to ensure that there are the same number of each type of atom on both the left and right of the reaction arrow. However, in order to balance nuclear equations we ensure that there is the same sum of both mass numbers and atomic numbers on the left and right of the reaction arrow. Recall that we can represent a specific isotope of an element by the following symbolization: A is the mass number (sum of protons and neutrons), Z is the atomic number (number of protons), and X is the element symbol (from the periodic table). In balancing nuclear reactions, ensure that the sum of all A values on the left of the reaction arrow equals the sum of all A values to the right of the arrow. The same will be true of the sums of the atomic numbers, Z. Knowing that these sums have to be equal allows you to predict the mass and atomic number of an unknown particle, if we know all the others. If we bombard chlorine-35 with a neutron, we create hydrogen-1 along with an isotope of a different element. Write a balanced nuclear reaction for this process. Solution: First, we write a partial nuclear equation: 35 17Cl 1 0n A ZX l 1 1H ?
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Chemistry for the Utterly Confused
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We would like to dedicate this book
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Contents ix Chapter 5 Gases 79 Do I
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Contents xi Get Started 146 10-1 Mo
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Contents xiii 15-4 pH 222 15-5 Acid
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Contents xv Chapter 20 Nuclear Chem
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CHAPTER 1 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Chemistry: First Steps 3 compound b
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Chemistry: First Steps 5 exact norm
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Chemistry: First Steps 7 We now nee
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Chemistry: First Steps 9 mathematic
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Chemistry: First Steps 11 we do not
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Chemistry: First Steps 13 19. How m
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CHAPTER 2 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 17 Caref
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Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 19 table
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Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 21 If a
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Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 23 Once
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Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 25 and n
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Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 27 1. Th
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Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 29 20. N
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CHAPTER 3 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Mass, Moles, and Equations 33 Caref
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Mass, Moles, and Equations 35 Quick
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Mass, Moles, and Equations 41 Caref
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Mass, Moles, and Equations 43 the b
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Mass, Moles, and Equations 45 7. Th
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Mass, Moles, and Equations 47 17. a
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CHAPTER 4 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Aqueous Solutions 51 4-2 Solubility
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Aqueous Solutions 53 Don’t Forget
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Aqueous Solutions 55 Quick Tip Cert
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Aqueous Solutions 57 Quick Tip Quic
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Aqueous Solutions 63 Quick Tip Mg(N
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Aqueous Solutions 65 All the separa
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Aqueous Solutions 69 There will be
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Aqueous Solutions 75 The calculatio
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Aqueous Solutions 77 25. The titrat
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CHAPTER 5 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Gases 81 Quick Tip Don’t Forget!
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Gases 83 Quick Tip Let’s see how
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Gases 85 Don’t Forget! Quick Tip
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Gases 87 Second, the KMT relates th
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Gases 89 The larger the gas particl
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Gases 91 Note that the mandatory co
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Gases 93 If it was not clear before
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Gases 95 ANSWER KEY 1. PTotal PA
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CHAPTER 6 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Thermochemistry 99 Quick Tip Don’
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Thermochemistry 101 Don’t Forget!
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Thermochemistry 103 C2H2(g) (5/2) O
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Thermochemistry 105 Quick Tip Some
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CHAPTER 7 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Quantum Theory and Electrons 109 Al
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Quantum Theory and Electrons 111 Th
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Quantum Theory and Electrons 113 Do
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Quantum Theory and Electrons 115 Do
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Quantum Theory and Electrons 117 AN
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CHAPTER 8 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Periodic Trends 121 8-2 Ionization
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Periodic Trends 123 The general tre
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Periodic Trends 125 in its ground s
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CHAPTER 9 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Chemical Bonding 129 Quick Tip In S
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Chemical Bonding 131 9-3 Ionic Bond
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Chemical Bonding 133 Quick Tip Neve
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Chemical Bonding 135 Don’t Forget
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Chemical Bonding 137 9-6 Bond Energ
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Chemical Bonding 139 Quick Tip invo
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Chemical Bonding 141 Quick Tip Elem
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Chemical Bonding 143 11. a 12. b 13
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CHAPTER 10 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Molecular Geometry and Hybridizatio
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CHAPTER 11 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Intermolecular Forces, Solids and L
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CHAPTER 12 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Solutions 173 ways of expressing th
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Solutions 175 Don’t Forget! Don
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Solutions 177 12-3 Colligative Prop
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Solutions 179 Just as the freezing
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Solutions 181 Don’t Forget! Using
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Solutions 183 Quick Tip A molar mas
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Solutions 185 3. All methods of num
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CHAPTER 13 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Kinetics 189 4. Physical state of r
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Kinetics 191 Don’t Forget! consta
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Kinetics 193 Don’t Forget! the co
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Kinetics 195 Quick Tip Careful! Rem
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Kinetics 197 The decomposition of h
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Kinetics 199 reaction is first orde
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Kinetics 201 energy of a reaction.
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CHAPTER 14 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Chemical Equilibria 205 Quick Tip D
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Chemical Equilibria 207 14-3 Le Ch
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Chemical Equilibria 209 Given the f
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Chemical Equilibria 211 Careful! Do
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Chemical Equilibria 213 Quick Tip F
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Chemical Equilibria 215 Quick Tip I
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Chemical Equilibria 217 10. Write K
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CHAPTER 15 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Acids and Bases 221 Don’t Forget!
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Acids and Bases 223 The pH of pure
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Acids and Bases 225 Quick Tip Quick
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Acids and Bases 227 15-7 Lewis Acid
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Acids and Bases 229 We do not have
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Acids and Bases 231 Quick Tip We ne
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Acids and Bases 233 2. Alkali metal
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CHAPTER 16 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Buffers and Other Equilibria 237 we
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Buffers and Other Equilibria 239 Do
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Page 286 and 287: Entropy and Free Energy 263 ANSWER
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Page 290 and 291: Electrochemistry 267 Quick Tip Some
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Page 302 and 303: Electrochemistry 279 ANSWER KEY 1.
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Page 306 and 307: Chemistry of the Elements 283 19-2
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Page 312 and 313: Chemistry of the Elements 289 6. Wh
Page 316 and 317: Nuclear Chemistry 293 The sum of th
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Page 324 and 325: Nuclear Chemistry 301 t 1/2 (ln 2)
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Page 330 and 331: Organic, Biochemistry, and Polymers
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Page 350 and 351: Index 327 chemical formulas, 19-21
Page 352 and 353: Index 329 Gibbs free energy (G), 25
Page 354 and 355: Index 331 octet rule, 128, 135, 140
Page 356 and 357: Index 333 viscosity, 161 voltaic ce
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Untitled - Kelly Walsh High School

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