Untitled - Kelly Walsh High School

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CHAPTER 19 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆ Chemistry of the Elements ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆ You should read this chapter if you need to review or learn about: ➜ Properties of hydrogen ➜ Properties of metals ➜ Band theory Properties of nonmetals ➜ ➜ ➜ Properties of transition metals Coordination compounds ➜ Crystal-field theory ➜ Complex ions 281 Copyright © 2007 by John Moore and Richard Langley. Click here for terms of use.
282 CHEMISTRY FOR THE UTTERLY CONFUSED Get Started Don’t Forget! Our goal in this chapter is to familiarize you with some properties of the elements, as well as the periodic trends that you can observe in these properties. You might want to review briefly the periodic trends we discussed in Chapter 8. We will also discuss coordination compounds and complex ions. Again— Practice, Practice, Practice. There are exceptions to every “rule.” Hydrogen is nearly always an exception. 19-1 Hydrogen Hydrogen is the only nonmetal in Group IA (1) on the periodic table. Some periodic tables move hydrogen to other places, or list it in more than one place. Hydrogen is capable of forming compounds with all elements except the noble gases. In compounds with nonmetals, hydrogen usually behaves like a metal instead of a nonmetal. Therefore, when hydrogen combines with a nonmetal, it usually has a 1 oxidation number. When hydrogen combines with a metal, it usually has a 1 oxidation number. Hydrogen compounds with the transition metals are usually nonstoichiometric. Nonstoichiometric compounds have no definite formula. All Brønsted-Lowry and Arrhenius acids contain hydrogen. The formation or transfer of hydrogen ions is the key to the behavior of all acids. You may wish to review the behavior of acids in Chapters 4 and 15. The standard cell potential for the reduction of hydrogen ions to hydrogen gas is, by definition, 0.00 V. This potential is for the standard hydrogen electrode, SHE, which is the reference to which we compare all other cell potentials. All metals above hydrogen on the Activity Series will displace hydrogen gas from acids. (See Chapter 4) Metals below hydrogen will not displace hydrogen gas.
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Chemistry for the Utterly Confused
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We would like to dedicate this book
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Contents ix Chapter 5 Gases 79 Do I
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Contents xi Get Started 146 10-1 Mo
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Contents xiii 15-4 pH 222 15-5 Acid
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Contents xv Chapter 20 Nuclear Chem
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CHAPTER 1 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Chemistry: First Steps 3 compound b
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Chemistry: First Steps 5 exact norm
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Chemistry: First Steps 7 We now nee
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Chemistry: First Steps 9 mathematic
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Chemistry: First Steps 11 we do not
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Chemistry: First Steps 13 19. How m
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CHAPTER 2 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 17 Caref
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Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 19 table
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Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 21 If a
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Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 23 Once
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Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 25 and n
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Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 27 1. Th
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Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 29 20. N
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CHAPTER 3 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Mass, Moles, and Equations 33 Caref
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Mass, Moles, and Equations 35 Quick
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Mass, Moles, and Equations 41 Caref
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Mass, Moles, and Equations 43 the b
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Mass, Moles, and Equations 45 7. Th
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Mass, Moles, and Equations 47 17. a
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CHAPTER 4 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Aqueous Solutions 51 4-2 Solubility
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Aqueous Solutions 53 Don’t Forget
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Aqueous Solutions 55 Quick Tip Cert
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Aqueous Solutions 57 Quick Tip Quic
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Aqueous Solutions 63 Quick Tip Mg(N
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Aqueous Solutions 65 All the separa
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Aqueous Solutions 69 There will be
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Aqueous Solutions 75 The calculatio
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Aqueous Solutions 77 25. The titrat
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CHAPTER 5 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Gases 81 Quick Tip Don’t Forget!
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Gases 83 Quick Tip Let’s see how
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Gases 85 Don’t Forget! Quick Tip
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Gases 87 Second, the KMT relates th
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Gases 89 The larger the gas particl
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Gases 91 Note that the mandatory co
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Gases 93 If it was not clear before
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Gases 95 ANSWER KEY 1. PTotal PA
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CHAPTER 6 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Thermochemistry 99 Quick Tip Don’
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Thermochemistry 101 Don’t Forget!
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Thermochemistry 103 C2H2(g) (5/2) O
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Thermochemistry 105 Quick Tip Some
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CHAPTER 7 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Quantum Theory and Electrons 109 Al
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Quantum Theory and Electrons 111 Th
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Quantum Theory and Electrons 113 Do
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Quantum Theory and Electrons 115 Do
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Quantum Theory and Electrons 117 AN
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CHAPTER 8 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Periodic Trends 121 8-2 Ionization
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Periodic Trends 123 The general tre
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Periodic Trends 125 in its ground s
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CHAPTER 9 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Chemical Bonding 129 Quick Tip In S
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Chemical Bonding 131 9-3 Ionic Bond
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Chemical Bonding 133 Quick Tip Neve
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Chemical Bonding 135 Don’t Forget
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Chemical Bonding 137 9-6 Bond Energ
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Chemical Bonding 139 Quick Tip invo
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Chemical Bonding 141 Quick Tip Elem
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Chemical Bonding 143 11. a 12. b 13
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CHAPTER 10 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Molecular Geometry and Hybridizatio
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CHAPTER 11 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Intermolecular Forces, Solids and L
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CHAPTER 12 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Solutions 173 ways of expressing th
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Solutions 175 Don’t Forget! Don
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Solutions 177 12-3 Colligative Prop
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Solutions 179 Just as the freezing
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Solutions 181 Don’t Forget! Using
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Solutions 183 Quick Tip A molar mas
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Solutions 185 3. All methods of num
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CHAPTER 13 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Kinetics 189 4. Physical state of r
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Kinetics 191 Don’t Forget! consta
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Kinetics 193 Don’t Forget! the co
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Kinetics 195 Quick Tip Careful! Rem
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Kinetics 197 The decomposition of h
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Kinetics 199 reaction is first orde
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Kinetics 201 energy of a reaction.
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CHAPTER 14 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Chemical Equilibria 205 Quick Tip D
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Chemical Equilibria 207 14-3 Le Ch
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Chemical Equilibria 209 Given the f
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Chemical Equilibria 211 Careful! Do
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Chemical Equilibria 213 Quick Tip F
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Chemical Equilibria 215 Quick Tip I
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Chemical Equilibria 217 10. Write K
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CHAPTER 15 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Acids and Bases 221 Don’t Forget!
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Acids and Bases 223 The pH of pure
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Acids and Bases 225 Quick Tip Quick
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Acids and Bases 227 15-7 Lewis Acid
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Acids and Bases 229 We do not have
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Page 286 and 287: Entropy and Free Energy 263 ANSWER
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Page 290 and 291: Electrochemistry 267 Quick Tip Some
Page 292 and 293: Electrochemistry 269 Don’t Forget
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Page 302 and 303: Electrochemistry 279 ANSWER KEY 1.
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Page 316 and 317: Nuclear Chemistry 293 The sum of th
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Page 324 and 325: Nuclear Chemistry 301 t 1/2 (ln 2)
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Page 330 and 331: Organic, Biochemistry, and Polymers
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Page 350 and 351: Index 327 chemical formulas, 19-21
Page 352 and 353: Index 329 Gibbs free energy (G), 25
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Index 331 octet rule, 128, 135, 140
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Index 333 viscosity, 161 voltaic ce
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