Untitled - Kelly Walsh High School

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CHAPTER 16 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆ Buffers and Other Equilibria ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆ You should read this chapter if you need to review or learn about: ➜ Common-ion effect ➜ Buffers ➜ Titrations and indicators ➜ Solubility equilibria (Ksp) ➜ Complex ion equilibria (Kf) 235 Copyright © 2007 by John Moore and Richard Langley. Click here for terms of use.
236 CHEMISTRY FOR THE UTTERLY CONFUSED Get Started Our goal in this chapter is to help you continue learning about acid-base equilibrium systems and, in particular, buffers and titrations. If you are a little unsure about equilibria and especially weak acid-base equilibria, review Chapters 14 and 15. You will also learn to apply the basic concepts of equilibria to solubility and complex ions. Two things to remember: (1) The basic concepts of equilibria apply to all the various types of equilibria, and (2) Practice, Practice, Practice. 16-1 The Common Ion Effect If a slightly soluble salt solution is at equilibrium and we add a solution containing one of the ions involved in the equilibrium, the solubility of the slightly soluble salt decreases. For example, consider the PbSO 4 equilibrium: PbSO 4(s) K Pb 2 (aq) SO 4 2 (aq) Suppose we add a solution of Na 2SO 4 to this equilibrium system. The additional sulfate ion will disrupt the equilibrium by Le Châtelier’s principle and shift it to the left. This decreases the solubility. The same would be true if you tried to dissolve PbSO 4 in a solution of Na 2SO 4 instead of pure water—the solubility would be less. This application of Le Châtelier’s principle to equilibrium systems of a slightly soluble salt is the common-ion effect. 16-2 Buffers and pH Buffers are solutions that resist a change in pH when we add an acid or base. A buffer contains both a weak acid (HA) and its conjugate base (A ). The acid part will neutralize any base added and the base part of the buffer will neutralize any acid added to the solution. We may calculate the hydronium ion concentration of a buffer by rearranging the K a expression to yield the Henderson- Hasselbalch equation, which we can use to calculate the pH of a buffer: [A pH pKa log or using the Kb expression: pOH pKb log ] [HA] [HA] [A ] These equations allow us to calculate the pH of the buffer solution knowing the K a of the weak acid or K b of the weak base and the concentrations of the weak acid and its conjugate base. If we know the desired pH along with the K a of the
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Chemistry for the Utterly Confused
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We would like to dedicate this book
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Contents ix Chapter 5 Gases 79 Do I
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Contents xi Get Started 146 10-1 Mo
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Contents xiii 15-4 pH 222 15-5 Acid
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Contents xv Chapter 20 Nuclear Chem
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CHAPTER 1 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Chemistry: First Steps 3 compound b
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Chemistry: First Steps 5 exact norm
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Chemistry: First Steps 7 We now nee
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Chemistry: First Steps 9 mathematic
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Chemistry: First Steps 11 we do not
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Chemistry: First Steps 13 19. How m
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CHAPTER 2 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 17 Caref
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Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 19 table
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Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 21 If a
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Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 23 Once
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Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 25 and n
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Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 27 1. Th
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Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 29 20. N
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CHAPTER 3 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Mass, Moles, and Equations 33 Caref
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Mass, Moles, and Equations 35 Quick
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Mass, Moles, and Equations 41 Caref
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Mass, Moles, and Equations 43 the b
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Mass, Moles, and Equations 45 7. Th
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Mass, Moles, and Equations 47 17. a
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CHAPTER 4 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Aqueous Solutions 51 4-2 Solubility
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Aqueous Solutions 53 Don’t Forget
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Aqueous Solutions 55 Quick Tip Cert
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Aqueous Solutions 57 Quick Tip Quic
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Aqueous Solutions 63 Quick Tip Mg(N
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Aqueous Solutions 65 All the separa
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Aqueous Solutions 69 There will be
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Aqueous Solutions 75 The calculatio
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Aqueous Solutions 77 25. The titrat
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CHAPTER 5 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Gases 81 Quick Tip Don’t Forget!
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Gases 83 Quick Tip Let’s see how
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Gases 85 Don’t Forget! Quick Tip
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Gases 87 Second, the KMT relates th
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Gases 89 The larger the gas particl
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Gases 91 Note that the mandatory co
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Gases 93 If it was not clear before
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Gases 95 ANSWER KEY 1. PTotal PA
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CHAPTER 6 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Thermochemistry 99 Quick Tip Don’
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Thermochemistry 101 Don’t Forget!
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Thermochemistry 103 C2H2(g) (5/2) O
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Thermochemistry 105 Quick Tip Some
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CHAPTER 7 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Quantum Theory and Electrons 109 Al
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Quantum Theory and Electrons 111 Th
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Quantum Theory and Electrons 113 Do
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Quantum Theory and Electrons 115 Do
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Quantum Theory and Electrons 117 AN
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CHAPTER 8 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Periodic Trends 121 8-2 Ionization
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Periodic Trends 123 The general tre
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Periodic Trends 125 in its ground s
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CHAPTER 9 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Chemical Bonding 129 Quick Tip In S
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Chemical Bonding 131 9-3 Ionic Bond
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Chemical Bonding 133 Quick Tip Neve
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Chemical Bonding 135 Don’t Forget
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Chemical Bonding 137 9-6 Bond Energ
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Chemical Bonding 139 Quick Tip invo
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Chemical Bonding 141 Quick Tip Elem
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Chemical Bonding 143 11. a 12. b 13
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CHAPTER 10 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Molecular Geometry and Hybridizatio
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CHAPTER 11 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Intermolecular Forces, Solids and L
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CHAPTER 12 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Solutions 173 ways of expressing th
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Solutions 175 Don’t Forget! Don
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Solutions 177 12-3 Colligative Prop
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Solutions 179 Just as the freezing
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Solutions 181 Don’t Forget! Using
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Solutions 183 Quick Tip A molar mas
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Page 212 and 213: Kinetics 189 4. Physical state of r
Page 214 and 215: Kinetics 191 Don’t Forget! consta
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Page 218 and 219: Kinetics 195 Quick Tip Careful! Rem
Page 220 and 221: Kinetics 197 The decomposition of h
Page 222 and 223: Kinetics 199 reaction is first orde
Page 224 and 225: Kinetics 201 energy of a reaction.
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Page 228 and 229: Chemical Equilibria 205 Quick Tip D
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Page 238 and 239: Chemical Equilibria 215 Quick Tip I
Page 240 and 241: Chemical Equilibria 217 10. Write K
Page 242 and 243: CHAPTER 15 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
Page 244 and 245: Acids and Bases 221 Don’t Forget!
Page 246 and 247: Acids and Bases 223 The pH of pure
Page 248 and 249: Acids and Bases 225 Quick Tip Quick
Page 250 and 251: Acids and Bases 227 15-7 Lewis Acid
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Page 276 and 277: Entropy and Free Energy 253 17-2 En
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Page 282 and 283: Entropy and Free Energy 259 Be Care
Page 284 and 285: Entropy and Free Energy 261 Before
Page 286 and 287: Entropy and Free Energy 263 ANSWER
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Page 290 and 291: Electrochemistry 267 Quick Tip Some
Page 292 and 293: Electrochemistry 269 Don’t Forget
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Page 302 and 303: Electrochemistry 279 ANSWER KEY 1.
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Page 306 and 307: Chemistry of the Elements 283 19-2
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Chemistry of the Elements 285 Be Ca
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Chemistry of the Elements 287 Don
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Chemistry of the Elements 289 6. Wh
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CHAPTER 20 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Nuclear Chemistry 293 The sum of th
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Nuclear Chemistry 295 Don’t Forge
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Nuclear Chemistry 297 that is not a
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Nuclear Chemistry 299 Don’t Forge
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Nuclear Chemistry 301 t 1/2 (ln 2)
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Nuclear Chemistry 303 1. A typical
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CHAPTER 21 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Organic, Biochemistry, and Polymers
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Index 327 chemical formulas, 19-21
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Index 329 Gibbs free energy (G), 25
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Index 331 octet rule, 128, 135, 140
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Index 333 viscosity, 161 voltaic ce
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