Untitled - Kelly Walsh High School

332 INDEX
shells, electron, 110
SI (Metric) system, 4–6
sigma bonds, 150
slightly soluble salts, 236, 238
solids, 3, 162–164, 211
solubility:
and aqueous solutions, 51–53
effects of pressure and temperature, 176
equilibria, 238–240
rules for commonly encountered ions, 52
solubility product constant (K sp), 238–240
solutes, 50, 172
solution concentration, 50, 184
solutions, 171–186
colligative properties, 177–184
colloids, 179–180
concentration units, 172–176
overview, 50, 171–172
temperature and pressure effects, 176
solvents, 50, 172
sp2 hybridization, 149
sp3d2 hybridization, 150
sp3d hybridization, 150
sp3 hybridization, 150
specific heat capacity (c), 99–101
spectator ions, 59
speed of light, 109
sp hybridization, 149
spin quantum numbers, 111
spontaneous half-reactions, 276
stability, nuclear, 295
standard reduction potentials (E°),
270–272, 278
state functions, 102
Stock system, 26
stoichiometry, 35–36, 83–85
straight-chained hydrocarbons, 307
strong acids, 220–221, 232
strong bases, 221
strong electrolytes, 51
structural formulas, 129–130
structural isomers, 308
subatomic particles properties, 16
sublimation, 163
substitution reactions, 316
supersaturated solutions, 172
surface tension, 161
surroundings, 98
suspension, 179
systems, 98
T (temperature), 80–83, 176, 208–209
t 1/2 (half-lives), 193, 198–202, 296–298, 302
temperature (T), 80–83, 176, 208–209
ternary acids, 26
theoretical yields, 38
theories:
band, of conductivity, 283–284
Brønsted-Lowery acid-base, 220, 232
Crystal Field, 286–287
kinetic molecular, of gases, 86–88
Lewis Acid-Base, 227
molecular orbital, 151–154
quantum, 108–111
valence bond, 149–155
valence-shell electron pair repulsion,
146–149, 154
thermochemistry, 97–106
calorimetry, 103–105
energy and reactions, 98–101
enthalpy, 101–102
Hess’s law, 102–103
overview, 97–98
thermodynamics, 251–263
calculations, 255–261
entropy, 253
Gibbs free energy (G), 253–254
laws of, 252, 261–262
overview, 251–252
titrations, 70–75, 237–238, 241–248
transition elements, 19
transition metals, 286, 288
trends, periodic, 119–126
triple points, 164, 167
Tyndall effect, 180
unimolecular reactions, 198
unit cells, 162
Unit Conversion Method, 2, 6–9
unsaturated hydrocarbons, 310
unsaturated solutions, 172
unstable isotopes, 295
V (volume), gas, 80–83
valence bond theory, 149–155
valence-shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR)
theory, 146–149, 154
valence shells and electrons, 115
van der Waals equation, 88
vaporization, heat of, 162
vapor pressure, 177–178, 180