Untitled - Kelly Walsh High School

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CHAPTER 13 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆ Kinetics ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆ You should read this chapter if you need to review or learn about: ➜ Rates of reactions Rate laws and half-lives ➜ ➜ ➜ ➜ Mechanisms Arrhenius equation Activation energy and catalysis 187 Copyright © 2007 by John Moore and Richard Langley. Click here for terms of use.
188 CHEMISTRY FOR THE UTTERLY CONFUSED Get Started Our goal in this chapter is to help you learn about kinetics—those factors that affect the speed of reactions. We will be discussing the concept of half-lives; you will see this concept again in Chapter 20 on Nuclear Chemistry. It will be necessary in some of the problems to solve for an exponential quantity along with the use of the ln and the e x functions, so you might want to refresh yourself with your calculator manual. And don’t forget!—Practice, Practice, Practice. 13-1 Reaction Rates Many times, we can use thermodynamics to predict whether a reaction will occur spontaneously, but it gives very little information about the speed at which a reaction occurs. Kinetics is the study of the speed of reactions. It is largely an experimental science. Some general qualitative ideas about reaction speed may be applied, but accurate quantitative relationships require that we collect experimental data. In order for a chemical reaction to occur, there must be a collision between the reactants at the correct place on the molecule, the reactive site. That collision is necessary to transfer kinetic energy in order to break old chemical bonds and reform new ones. If the collision doesn’t transfer enough energy, no reaction will occur. In general, five factors can affect the rates of chemical reaction: 1. Nature of the reactants—Large, slow-moving complex molecules will tend to react slower than smaller ones because there is a greater chance of collisions occurring somewhere else on the molecule rather than the reactive site. Also, if the molecules are slow moving, the number of collisions will be smaller. 2. The temperature—Increasing the temperature normally increases the reaction rate since each species has a higher kinetic energy and the number of collisions is increased. This increases the chance that enough energy will be transferred during collisions to cause the reaction. 3. The concentration of reactants—Increasing the concentration of the reactants (or pressure, if gases are involved) normally increases the reaction rate due to the increased number of collisions.
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Chemistry for the Utterly Confused
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We would like to dedicate this book
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Contents ix Chapter 5 Gases 79 Do I
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Contents xi Get Started 146 10-1 Mo
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Contents xiii 15-4 pH 222 15-5 Acid
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Contents xv Chapter 20 Nuclear Chem
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CHAPTER 1 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Chemistry: First Steps 3 compound b
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Chemistry: First Steps 5 exact norm
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Chemistry: First Steps 7 We now nee
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Chemistry: First Steps 9 mathematic
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Chemistry: First Steps 11 we do not
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Chemistry: First Steps 13 19. How m
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CHAPTER 2 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 17 Caref
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Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 19 table
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Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 21 If a
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Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 23 Once
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Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 25 and n
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Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 27 1. Th
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Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 29 20. N
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CHAPTER 3 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Mass, Moles, and Equations 33 Caref
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Mass, Moles, and Equations 35 Quick
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Mass, Moles, and Equations 41 Caref
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Mass, Moles, and Equations 43 the b
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Mass, Moles, and Equations 45 7. Th
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Mass, Moles, and Equations 47 17. a
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CHAPTER 4 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Aqueous Solutions 51 4-2 Solubility
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Aqueous Solutions 53 Don’t Forget
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Aqueous Solutions 55 Quick Tip Cert
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Aqueous Solutions 57 Quick Tip Quic
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Aqueous Solutions 63 Quick Tip Mg(N
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Aqueous Solutions 65 All the separa
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Aqueous Solutions 69 There will be
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Aqueous Solutions 75 The calculatio
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Aqueous Solutions 77 25. The titrat
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CHAPTER 5 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Gases 81 Quick Tip Don’t Forget!
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Gases 83 Quick Tip Let’s see how
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Gases 85 Don’t Forget! Quick Tip
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Gases 87 Second, the KMT relates th
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Gases 89 The larger the gas particl
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Gases 91 Note that the mandatory co
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Gases 93 If it was not clear before
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Gases 95 ANSWER KEY 1. PTotal PA
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CHAPTER 6 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Thermochemistry 99 Quick Tip Don’
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Thermochemistry 101 Don’t Forget!
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Thermochemistry 103 C2H2(g) (5/2) O
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Thermochemistry 105 Quick Tip Some
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CHAPTER 7 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Quantum Theory and Electrons 109 Al
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Quantum Theory and Electrons 111 Th
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Quantum Theory and Electrons 113 Do
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Quantum Theory and Electrons 115 Do
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Quantum Theory and Electrons 117 AN
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CHAPTER 8 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Periodic Trends 121 8-2 Ionization
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Periodic Trends 123 The general tre
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Periodic Trends 125 in its ground s
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CHAPTER 9 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Chemical Bonding 129 Quick Tip In S
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Chemical Bonding 131 9-3 Ionic Bond
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Chemical Bonding 133 Quick Tip Neve
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Chemical Bonding 135 Don’t Forget
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Page 166 and 167: Chemical Bonding 143 11. a 12. b 13
Page 168 and 169: CHAPTER 10 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
Page 170 and 171: Molecular Geometry and Hybridizatio
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Page 182 and 183: Intermolecular Forces, Solids and L
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Page 196 and 197: Solutions 173 ways of expressing th
Page 198 and 199: Solutions 175 Don’t Forget! Don
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Page 202 and 203: Solutions 179 Just as the freezing
Page 204 and 205: Solutions 181 Don’t Forget! Using
Page 206 and 207: Solutions 183 Quick Tip A molar mas
Page 208 and 209: Solutions 185 3. All methods of num
Page 212 and 213: Kinetics 189 4. Physical state of r
Page 214 and 215: Kinetics 191 Don’t Forget! consta
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Page 218 and 219: Kinetics 195 Quick Tip Careful! Rem
Page 220 and 221: Kinetics 197 The decomposition of h
Page 222 and 223: Kinetics 199 reaction is first orde
Page 224 and 225: Kinetics 201 energy of a reaction.
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Page 228 and 229: Chemical Equilibria 205 Quick Tip D
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Page 238 and 239: Chemical Equilibria 215 Quick Tip I
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Page 244 and 245: Acids and Bases 221 Don’t Forget!
Page 246 and 247: Acids and Bases 223 The pH of pure
Page 248 and 249: Acids and Bases 225 Quick Tip Quick
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Buffers and Other Equilibria 237 we
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Buffers and Other Equilibria 239 Do
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Buffers and Other Equilibria 241 16
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Buffers and Other Equilibria 243 Qu
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Buffers and Other Equilibria 245 Qu
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Buffers and Other Equilibria 247 pK
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Buffers and Other Equilibria 249 Th
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CHAPTER 17 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Entropy and Free Energy 253 17-2 En
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Entropy and Free Energy 255 17-5 Ut
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Entropy and Free Energy 257 Quick T
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Entropy and Free Energy 259 Be Care
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Entropy and Free Energy 261 Before
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Entropy and Free Energy 263 ANSWER
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CHAPTER 18 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Electrochemistry 267 Quick Tip Some
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Electrochemistry 269 Don’t Forget
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Electrochemistry 271 We can use thi
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Electrochemistry 273 do is reverse
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Electrochemistry 275 Don’t Forget
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Electrochemistry 277 Be Careful! Th
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Electrochemistry 279 ANSWER KEY 1.
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CHAPTER 19 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Chemistry of the Elements 283 19-2
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Chemistry of the Elements 285 Be Ca
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Chemistry of the Elements 287 Don
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Chemistry of the Elements 289 6. Wh
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CHAPTER 20 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Nuclear Chemistry 293 The sum of th
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Nuclear Chemistry 295 Don’t Forge
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Nuclear Chemistry 297 that is not a
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Nuclear Chemistry 299 Don’t Forge
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Nuclear Chemistry 301 t 1/2 (ln 2)
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Nuclear Chemistry 303 1. A typical
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CHAPTER 21 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Organic, Biochemistry, and Polymers
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Index 327 chemical formulas, 19-21
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Index 329 Gibbs free energy (G), 25
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Index 331 octet rule, 128, 135, 140
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Index 333 viscosity, 161 voltaic ce
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