◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆ Index ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆ A (amperes), 274 Acid anhydrides, 286 acid dissociation constant (K a), 223–225 acids, 219–233 acid-base equilibrium, 223–226 binary and ternary, 26 Brønsted-Lowery theory, 220 Lewis theory, 227 and neutralization, 53–55 nucleic, 315–316 overview, 219–220 pH scale, 222–223 properties of salts and oxides, 226 strength of, 220–221 water dissociation constant, 221–222 weak, 227–231 activation energy, 194–196 activity series, 57–58, 67–68 actual yields, 38, 43–44 addition reactions, 317 alkanes, 306–311, 316–318, 322 alkenes, 310–311, 317–318, 322 alkynes, 310–311, 317, 322 alpha emission, 293, 295 amino acids, 313–314, 322 amorphous solids, 162 amount (n) gas law constants, 80–83 amperes (A), 274 amphoterism, 221, 232, 284 amplitude, 108 amu or u (atomic mass units), 16, 34 325 Copyright © 2007 by John Moore and Richard Langley. Click here for terms of use. angular momentum quantum number (l), 110 anions: covalent bonds, 135 electron affinity, 122–124 ionic bonding, 131 and net ionic equations, 61 and nomenclature, 24–25 nonmetals, 284–285 overview, 20 and solubility, 53 anodes, 269, 271, 275–278 aqueous solutions, 49–78 acids, bases, and neutralization, 53–55 and concentration units, 172 molarity, 50 net ionic equations, 58–70 overview, 49–50 oxidation-reduction reactions, 56–58 solubility and precipitation, 51–53 titrations, 70–75 and water dissociation constant, 222 aromatic hydrocarbons, 310, 317 Arrhenius equation, 54, 194–196, 200–201 atomic mass, 17 atomic mass units (amu or u), 16, 34 atomic orbitals, 109, 112–113, 149, 151 atomic radius, 120–121, 123–124 atomic solids, 163 atoms, 15–29 chemical formulas, 19–21 electrons, protons, and neutrons, 16–17
326 INDEX atoms (Cont.): nomenclature, 21–26 overview, 15–16 periodic table, 17–19 Aufbau principle, 111–113 Avogadro’s number, 34–35, 40–42 balanced chemical equations, 32–36, 41 band theory of conductivity, 283–284 base anhydrides, 284 base dissociation constant (K b), 225–226 bases, 219–233 acid-base equilibrium, 223–226 Brønsted-Lowery theory, 220 Lewis theory, 227 overview, 53–55, 219–220 pH scale, 222–223 properties of salts and oxides, 226 strength of, 220–221 water dissociation constant, 221–222 weak, 227–233 beta emission, 293, 295 bimolecular reactions, 198 binary acids, 26 biochemistry (see Organic chemistry) Bohr, Niels, 109 boiling-point elevation, 178–179 bonds chemical, 127–144 bond energy and length, 137 covalent bonds, 132–135 electronegativity, 130 Lewis structures, 137–144 Lewis symbols, 128–130 overview, 127–128 resonance, 136 hydrogen bonding, 160 valence bond theory, 149–151 (See also Ionic bonds) Born-Haber cycle, 132 branches, 309 Brønsted-Lowery acid-base theory, 220, 232 buffers, 236–237, 249 C (molar heat capacity), 99–101 c (specific heat capacity), 99–101 cal (calories), 98 calories (cal), 98 calorimetry, 98–100, 103–105 capillary action, 161–162 carbohydrates, 314–315, 322 carboxylic acid groups, 314, 318–320 catalysis: condensation reactions, 319 hydrogenation, 317 kinetics, 196–197, 201 and reaction rate, 189 saponification, 321 cathodes, 269, 274–276 cations: aqueous solutions, 53, 61 ionic bonding, 131 ionization energy, 121–122 Lewis structures for, 135 metals as, 24, 283 overview, 20 salt, 55 transition metals as, 287 cell notation, 269–270 cells: actual potential, 272–273 electrolytic, 273–274 galvanic (voltaic), 268–270 and nucleic acids, 315–316 standard reduction potentials of, 270–271 unit, 162 chelating ligands, 287 chemical bonds, 127–144 bond energy and bond length, 137 covalent bonds, 132–135 electronegativity, 130 ionic bonds and lattice energy, 131–132 Lewis structures, 137–141 Lewis symbols, 128–130 overview, 127–128 resonance, 136 chemical equilibria, 203–218, 235–250 acid-base equilibrium, 223–226 buffers and pH, 236–237 calculating, 209–216 common-ion effect, 236 complex ion formation constant, 241 equilibrium constants, 205–206 Le Châtelier’s principle, 207–209 overview, 203–205, 235–236 pH and titrations, 241–248 solubility product constant, 238–240 titrations and indicators, 237–238
- Page 2 and 3:
Chemistry for the Utterly Confused
- Page 4 and 5:
Chemistry for the Utterly Confused
- Page 6 and 7:
We would like to dedicate this book
- Page 8 and 9:
◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
- Page 10 and 11:
Contents ix Chapter 5 Gases 79 Do I
- Page 12 and 13:
Contents xi Get Started 146 10-1 Mo
- Page 14 and 15:
Contents xiii 15-4 pH 222 15-5 Acid
- Page 16 and 17:
Contents xv Chapter 20 Nuclear Chem
- Page 18 and 19:
◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
- Page 20 and 21:
◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
- Page 22 and 23:
Chemistry for the Utterly Confused
- Page 24 and 25:
CHAPTER 1 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
- Page 26 and 27:
Chemistry: First Steps 3 compound b
- Page 28 and 29:
Chemistry: First Steps 5 exact norm
- Page 30 and 31:
Chemistry: First Steps 7 We now nee
- Page 32 and 33:
Chemistry: First Steps 9 mathematic
- Page 34 and 35:
Chemistry: First Steps 11 we do not
- Page 36 and 37:
Chemistry: First Steps 13 19. How m
- Page 38 and 39:
CHAPTER 2 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
- Page 40 and 41:
Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 17 Caref
- Page 42 and 43:
Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 19 table
- Page 44 and 45:
Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 21 If a
- Page 46 and 47:
Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 23 Once
- Page 48 and 49:
Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 25 and n
- Page 50 and 51:
Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 27 1. Th
- Page 52 and 53:
Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 29 20. N
- Page 54 and 55:
CHAPTER 3 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
- Page 56 and 57:
Mass, Moles, and Equations 33 Caref
- Page 58 and 59:
Mass, Moles, and Equations 35 Quick
- Page 60 and 61:
Mass, Moles, and Equations 37 Quick
- Page 62 and 63:
Mass, Moles, and Equations 39 Quick
- Page 64 and 65:
Mass, Moles, and Equations 41 Caref
- Page 66 and 67:
Mass, Moles, and Equations 43 the b
- Page 68 and 69:
Mass, Moles, and Equations 45 7. Th
- Page 70 and 71:
Mass, Moles, and Equations 47 17. a
- Page 72 and 73:
CHAPTER 4 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
- Page 74 and 75:
Aqueous Solutions 51 4-2 Solubility
- Page 76 and 77:
Aqueous Solutions 53 Don’t Forget
- Page 78 and 79:
Aqueous Solutions 55 Quick Tip Cert
- Page 80 and 81:
Aqueous Solutions 57 Quick Tip Quic
- Page 82 and 83:
Aqueous Solutions 59 Don’t Forget
- Page 84 and 85:
Aqueous Solutions 61 Don’t Forget
- Page 86 and 87:
Aqueous Solutions 63 Quick Tip Mg(N
- Page 88 and 89:
Aqueous Solutions 65 All the separa
- Page 90 and 91:
Aqueous Solutions 67 Don’t Forget
- Page 92 and 93:
Aqueous Solutions 69 There will be
- Page 94 and 95:
Aqueous Solutions 71 Don’t Forget
- Page 96 and 97:
Aqueous Solutions 73 Don’t Forget
- Page 98 and 99:
Aqueous Solutions 75 The calculatio
- Page 100 and 101:
Aqueous Solutions 77 25. The titrat
- Page 102 and 103:
CHAPTER 5 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
- Page 104 and 105:
Gases 81 Quick Tip Don’t Forget!
- Page 106 and 107:
Gases 83 Quick Tip Let’s see how
- Page 108 and 109:
Gases 85 Don’t Forget! Quick Tip
- Page 110 and 111:
Gases 87 Second, the KMT relates th
- Page 112 and 113:
Gases 89 The larger the gas particl
- Page 114 and 115:
Gases 91 Note that the mandatory co
- Page 116 and 117:
Gases 93 If it was not clear before
- Page 118 and 119:
Gases 95 ANSWER KEY 1. PTotal PA
- Page 120 and 121:
CHAPTER 6 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
- Page 122 and 123:
Thermochemistry 99 Quick Tip Don’
- Page 124 and 125:
Thermochemistry 101 Don’t Forget!
- Page 126 and 127:
Thermochemistry 103 C2H2(g) (5/2) O
- Page 128 and 129:
Thermochemistry 105 Quick Tip Some
- Page 130 and 131:
CHAPTER 7 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
- Page 132 and 133:
Quantum Theory and Electrons 109 Al
- Page 134 and 135:
Quantum Theory and Electrons 111 Th
- Page 136 and 137:
Quantum Theory and Electrons 113 Do
- Page 138 and 139:
Quantum Theory and Electrons 115 Do
- Page 140 and 141:
Quantum Theory and Electrons 117 AN
- Page 142 and 143:
CHAPTER 8 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
- Page 144 and 145:
Periodic Trends 121 8-2 Ionization
- Page 146 and 147:
Periodic Trends 123 The general tre
- Page 148 and 149:
Periodic Trends 125 in its ground s
- Page 150 and 151:
CHAPTER 9 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
- Page 152 and 153:
Chemical Bonding 129 Quick Tip In S
- Page 154 and 155:
Chemical Bonding 131 9-3 Ionic Bond
- Page 156 and 157:
Chemical Bonding 133 Quick Tip Neve
- Page 158 and 159:
Chemical Bonding 135 Don’t Forget
- Page 160 and 161:
Chemical Bonding 137 9-6 Bond Energ
- Page 162 and 163:
Chemical Bonding 139 Quick Tip invo
- Page 164 and 165:
Chemical Bonding 141 Quick Tip Elem
- Page 166 and 167:
Chemical Bonding 143 11. a 12. b 13
- Page 168 and 169:
CHAPTER 10 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
- Page 170 and 171:
Molecular Geometry and Hybridizatio
- Page 172 and 173:
Molecular Geometry and Hybridizatio
- Page 174 and 175:
Molecular Geometry and Hybridizatio
- Page 176 and 177:
Molecular Geometry and Hybridizatio
- Page 178 and 179:
Molecular Geometry and Hybridizatio
- Page 180 and 181:
CHAPTER 11 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
- Page 182 and 183:
Intermolecular Forces, Solids and L
- Page 184 and 185:
Intermolecular Forces, Solids and L
- Page 186 and 187:
Intermolecular Forces, Solids and L
- Page 188 and 189:
Intermolecular Forces, Solids and L
- Page 190 and 191:
Intermolecular Forces, Solids and L
- Page 192 and 193:
Intermolecular Forces, Solids and L
- Page 194 and 195:
CHAPTER 12 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
- Page 196 and 197:
Solutions 173 ways of expressing th
- Page 198 and 199:
Solutions 175 Don’t Forget! Don
- Page 200 and 201:
Solutions 177 12-3 Colligative Prop
- Page 202 and 203:
Solutions 179 Just as the freezing
- Page 204 and 205:
Solutions 181 Don’t Forget! Using
- Page 206 and 207:
Solutions 183 Quick Tip A molar mas
- Page 208 and 209:
Solutions 185 3. All methods of num
- Page 210 and 211:
CHAPTER 13 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
- Page 212 and 213:
Kinetics 189 4. Physical state of r
- Page 214 and 215:
Kinetics 191 Don’t Forget! consta
- Page 216 and 217:
Kinetics 193 Don’t Forget! the co
- Page 218 and 219:
Kinetics 195 Quick Tip Careful! Rem
- Page 220 and 221:
Kinetics 197 The decomposition of h
- Page 222 and 223:
Kinetics 199 reaction is first orde
- Page 224 and 225:
Kinetics 201 energy of a reaction.
- Page 226 and 227:
CHAPTER 14 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
- Page 228 and 229:
Chemical Equilibria 205 Quick Tip D
- Page 230 and 231:
Chemical Equilibria 207 14-3 Le Ch
- Page 232 and 233:
Chemical Equilibria 209 Given the f
- Page 234 and 235:
Chemical Equilibria 211 Careful! Do
- Page 236 and 237:
Chemical Equilibria 213 Quick Tip F
- Page 238 and 239:
Chemical Equilibria 215 Quick Tip I
- Page 240 and 241:
Chemical Equilibria 217 10. Write K
- Page 242 and 243:
CHAPTER 15 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
- Page 244 and 245:
Acids and Bases 221 Don’t Forget!
- Page 246 and 247:
Acids and Bases 223 The pH of pure
- Page 248 and 249:
Acids and Bases 225 Quick Tip Quick
- Page 250 and 251:
Acids and Bases 227 15-7 Lewis Acid
- Page 252 and 253:
Acids and Bases 229 We do not have
- Page 254 and 255:
Acids and Bases 231 Quick Tip We ne
- Page 256 and 257:
Acids and Bases 233 2. Alkali metal
- Page 258 and 259:
CHAPTER 16 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
- Page 260 and 261:
Buffers and Other Equilibria 237 we
- Page 262 and 263:
Buffers and Other Equilibria 239 Do
- Page 264 and 265:
Buffers and Other Equilibria 241 16
- Page 266 and 267:
Buffers and Other Equilibria 243 Qu
- Page 268 and 269:
Buffers and Other Equilibria 245 Qu
- Page 270 and 271:
Buffers and Other Equilibria 247 pK
- Page 272 and 273:
Buffers and Other Equilibria 249 Th
- Page 274 and 275:
CHAPTER 17 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
- Page 276 and 277:
Entropy and Free Energy 253 17-2 En
- Page 278 and 279:
Entropy and Free Energy 255 17-5 Ut
- Page 280 and 281:
Entropy and Free Energy 257 Quick T
- Page 282 and 283:
Entropy and Free Energy 259 Be Care
- Page 284 and 285:
Entropy and Free Energy 261 Before
- Page 286 and 287:
Entropy and Free Energy 263 ANSWER
- Page 288 and 289:
CHAPTER 18 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
- Page 290 and 291:
Electrochemistry 267 Quick Tip Some
- Page 292 and 293:
Electrochemistry 269 Don’t Forget
- Page 294 and 295:
Electrochemistry 271 We can use thi
- Page 296 and 297:
Electrochemistry 273 do is reverse
- Page 298 and 299: Electrochemistry 275 Don’t Forget
- Page 300 and 301: Electrochemistry 277 Be Careful! Th
- Page 302 and 303: Electrochemistry 279 ANSWER KEY 1.
- Page 304 and 305: CHAPTER 19 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
- Page 306 and 307: Chemistry of the Elements 283 19-2
- Page 308 and 309: Chemistry of the Elements 285 Be Ca
- Page 310 and 311: Chemistry of the Elements 287 Don
- Page 312 and 313: Chemistry of the Elements 289 6. Wh
- Page 314 and 315: CHAPTER 20 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
- Page 316 and 317: Nuclear Chemistry 293 The sum of th
- Page 318 and 319: Nuclear Chemistry 295 Don’t Forge
- Page 320 and 321: Nuclear Chemistry 297 that is not a
- Page 322 and 323: Nuclear Chemistry 299 Don’t Forge
- Page 324 and 325: Nuclear Chemistry 301 t 1/2 (ln 2)
- Page 326 and 327: Nuclear Chemistry 303 1. A typical
- Page 328 and 329: CHAPTER 21 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
- Page 330 and 331: Organic, Biochemistry, and Polymers
- Page 332 and 333: Organic, Biochemistry, and Polymers
- Page 334 and 335: Organic, Biochemistry, and Polymers
- Page 336 and 337: Organic, Biochemistry, and Polymers
- Page 338 and 339: Organic, Biochemistry, and Polymers
- Page 340 and 341: Organic, Biochemistry, and Polymers
- Page 342 and 343: Organic, Biochemistry, and Polymers
- Page 344 and 345: Organic, Biochemistry, and Polymers
- Page 346 and 347: Organic, Biochemistry, and Polymers
- Page 350 and 351: Index 327 chemical formulas, 19-21
- Page 352 and 353: Index 329 Gibbs free energy (G), 25
- Page 354 and 355: Index 331 octet rule, 128, 135, 140
- Page 356 and 357: Index 333 viscosity, 161 voltaic ce
- Page 358 and 359: ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆