Untitled - Kelly Walsh High School

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Index 331 octet rule, 128, 135, 140–141 orders of reaction, 189 organic chemistry, 305–323 calculations, 316–322 carbohydrates, 314–315 functional groups, 311 hydrocarbons and alkane nomenclature, 306–311 nucleic acids, 315–316 organic compounds, 306 overview, 305–306 polymers, 311–313 proteins, 313–314 organic compounds, 306 organic reactions, 322 osmosis, 179 osmotic pressure, 179 overvoltage, 277 oxidation, 266, 275, 277 oxidation number method, 267 oxidation numbers, 283 oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions, 56–58, 266–268 oxides, 226 oxidizing agents, 56, 266, 277 oxyacids, 137–138 P (pressure), 80–83, 176, 207–208 pascals (Pa), 80 Pauli exclusion principle, 111 peptide bonds, 314 percent composition, 38–39 percent yield (% yield), 36–38 periodic table, 17–19, 120 periodic trends, 119–126 electron affinity, 122–123 ionization energy, 121–122 in metallic properties, 284–286 overview, 119–120 periodic table, 120 periods, 18–19 phase changes, 158 phase diagrams, 163–165, 167 pH scale, 222–223, 232, 236–237, 241–248 pi bonds, 150 polar covalent bonds, 133 polarity, 148 polymers, 311–314 polyprotic acids, 225 polysaccharides, 314–315 positron emissions, 294 precipitation reactions, 51–53 pressure (P), 80–83, 176, 207–208 principle quantum number, 110 products, 32 proteins, 313–314, 322 protons, 16–17 quantum theory, 108–111 radioactive isotopes, 296 Raoult’s law, 177, 180–181 rate-determining step, 198 rate laws, 189–193, 198–202 reactants, 32, 36–38 reaction intermediates, 197 reaction mechanism, 197–198 reaction rate, 188–189 reactions: addition, 317 bimolecular and unimolecular, 198 displacement, 57 and free energy, 254 nuclear, 292–295 alpha emissions, 293 beta emissions, 293 electron captures, 294–295 gamma emissions, 294 positron emissions, 294 organic, 316–323 thermochemical, 98–101 reactive sites, 188 reactivity quotients, 240 reagents, limiting, 36–38 redox (oxidation-reduction) reactions, 56–58, 266–268 representative elements, 129 resonance, 136, 141, 310 reverse osmosis, 179 ribonucleic acid (RNA), 315 RNA (ribonucleic acid), 315 root mean square velocity, 86 S (entropy), 252–253, 261 salt bridges, 268 salts, acid-base properties of, 226 saponification, 321 saturated solutions, 172 Schrödinger’s equation, 110 semipermeable membranes, 179
332 INDEX shells, electron, 110 SI (Metric) system, 4–6 sigma bonds, 150 slightly soluble salts, 236, 238 solids, 3, 162–164, 211 solubility: and aqueous solutions, 51–53 effects of pressure and temperature, 176 equilibria, 238–240 rules for commonly encountered ions, 52 solubility product constant (K sp), 238–240 solutes, 50, 172 solution concentration, 50, 184 solutions, 171–186 colligative properties, 177–184 colloids, 179–180 concentration units, 172–176 overview, 50, 171–172 temperature and pressure effects, 176 solvents, 50, 172 sp2 hybridization, 149 sp3d2 hybridization, 150 sp3d hybridization, 150 sp3 hybridization, 150 specific heat capacity (c), 99–101 spectator ions, 59 speed of light, 109 sp hybridization, 149 spin quantum numbers, 111 spontaneous half-reactions, 276 stability, nuclear, 295 standard reduction potentials (E°), 270–272, 278 state functions, 102 Stock system, 26 stoichiometry, 35–36, 83–85 straight-chained hydrocarbons, 307 strong acids, 220–221, 232 strong bases, 221 strong electrolytes, 51 structural formulas, 129–130 structural isomers, 308 subatomic particles properties, 16 sublimation, 163 substitution reactions, 316 supersaturated solutions, 172 surface tension, 161 surroundings, 98 suspension, 179 systems, 98 T (temperature), 80–83, 176, 208–209 t 1/2 (half-lives), 193, 198–202, 296–298, 302 temperature (T), 80–83, 176, 208–209 ternary acids, 26 theoretical yields, 38 theories: band, of conductivity, 283–284 Brønsted-Lowery acid-base, 220, 232 Crystal Field, 286–287 kinetic molecular, of gases, 86–88 Lewis Acid-Base, 227 molecular orbital, 151–154 quantum, 108–111 valence bond, 149–155 valence-shell electron pair repulsion, 146–149, 154 thermochemistry, 97–106 calorimetry, 103–105 energy and reactions, 98–101 enthalpy, 101–102 Hess’s law, 102–103 overview, 97–98 thermodynamics, 251–263 calculations, 255–261 entropy, 253 Gibbs free energy (G), 253–254 laws of, 252, 261–262 overview, 251–252 titrations, 70–75, 237–238, 241–248 transition elements, 19 transition metals, 286, 288 trends, periodic, 119–126 triple points, 164, 167 Tyndall effect, 180 unimolecular reactions, 198 unit cells, 162 Unit Conversion Method, 2, 6–9 unsaturated hydrocarbons, 310 unsaturated solutions, 172 unstable isotopes, 295 V (volume), gas, 80–83 valence bond theory, 149–155 valence-shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory, 146–149, 154 valence shells and electrons, 115 van der Waals equation, 88 vaporization, heat of, 162 vapor pressure, 177–178, 180
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Chemistry for the Utterly Confused
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We would like to dedicate this book
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Contents ix Chapter 5 Gases 79 Do I
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Contents xi Get Started 146 10-1 Mo
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Contents xiii 15-4 pH 222 15-5 Acid
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Contents xv Chapter 20 Nuclear Chem
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CHAPTER 1 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Chemistry: First Steps 3 compound b
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Chemistry: First Steps 5 exact norm
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Chemistry: First Steps 7 We now nee
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Chemistry: First Steps 9 mathematic
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Chemistry: First Steps 11 we do not
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Chemistry: First Steps 13 19. How m
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CHAPTER 2 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 17 Caref
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Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 19 table
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Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 21 If a
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Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 23 Once
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Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 25 and n
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Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 27 1. Th
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Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 29 20. N
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CHAPTER 3 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Mass, Moles, and Equations 33 Caref
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Mass, Moles, and Equations 35 Quick
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Mass, Moles, and Equations 41 Caref
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Mass, Moles, and Equations 43 the b
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Mass, Moles, and Equations 45 7. Th
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Mass, Moles, and Equations 47 17. a
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CHAPTER 4 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Aqueous Solutions 51 4-2 Solubility
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Aqueous Solutions 53 Don’t Forget
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Aqueous Solutions 55 Quick Tip Cert
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Aqueous Solutions 57 Quick Tip Quic
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Aqueous Solutions 63 Quick Tip Mg(N
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Aqueous Solutions 65 All the separa
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Aqueous Solutions 69 There will be
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Aqueous Solutions 75 The calculatio
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Aqueous Solutions 77 25. The titrat
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CHAPTER 5 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Gases 81 Quick Tip Don’t Forget!
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Gases 83 Quick Tip Let’s see how
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Gases 85 Don’t Forget! Quick Tip
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Gases 87 Second, the KMT relates th
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Gases 89 The larger the gas particl
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Gases 91 Note that the mandatory co
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Gases 93 If it was not clear before
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Gases 95 ANSWER KEY 1. PTotal PA
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CHAPTER 6 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Thermochemistry 99 Quick Tip Don’
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Thermochemistry 101 Don’t Forget!
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Thermochemistry 103 C2H2(g) (5/2) O
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Thermochemistry 105 Quick Tip Some
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CHAPTER 7 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Quantum Theory and Electrons 109 Al
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Quantum Theory and Electrons 111 Th
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Quantum Theory and Electrons 113 Do
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Quantum Theory and Electrons 115 Do
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Quantum Theory and Electrons 117 AN
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CHAPTER 8 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Periodic Trends 121 8-2 Ionization
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Periodic Trends 123 The general tre
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Periodic Trends 125 in its ground s
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CHAPTER 9 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Chemical Bonding 129 Quick Tip In S
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Chemical Bonding 131 9-3 Ionic Bond
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Chemical Bonding 133 Quick Tip Neve
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Chemical Bonding 135 Don’t Forget
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Chemical Bonding 137 9-6 Bond Energ
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Chemical Bonding 139 Quick Tip invo
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Chemical Bonding 141 Quick Tip Elem
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Chemical Bonding 143 11. a 12. b 13
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CHAPTER 10 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Molecular Geometry and Hybridizatio
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CHAPTER 11 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Intermolecular Forces, Solids and L
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CHAPTER 12 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Solutions 173 ways of expressing th
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Solutions 175 Don’t Forget! Don
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Solutions 177 12-3 Colligative Prop
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Solutions 179 Just as the freezing
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Solutions 181 Don’t Forget! Using
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Solutions 183 Quick Tip A molar mas
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Solutions 185 3. All methods of num
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CHAPTER 13 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Kinetics 189 4. Physical state of r
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Kinetics 191 Don’t Forget! consta
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Kinetics 193 Don’t Forget! the co
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Kinetics 195 Quick Tip Careful! Rem
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Kinetics 197 The decomposition of h
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Kinetics 199 reaction is first orde
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Kinetics 201 energy of a reaction.
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CHAPTER 14 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Chemical Equilibria 205 Quick Tip D
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Chemical Equilibria 207 14-3 Le Ch
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Chemical Equilibria 209 Given the f
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Chemical Equilibria 211 Careful! Do
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Chemical Equilibria 213 Quick Tip F
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Chemical Equilibria 215 Quick Tip I
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Chemical Equilibria 217 10. Write K
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CHAPTER 15 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Acids and Bases 221 Don’t Forget!
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Acids and Bases 223 The pH of pure
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Acids and Bases 225 Quick Tip Quick
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Acids and Bases 227 15-7 Lewis Acid
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Acids and Bases 229 We do not have
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Acids and Bases 231 Quick Tip We ne
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Acids and Bases 233 2. Alkali metal
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CHAPTER 16 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Buffers and Other Equilibria 237 we
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Buffers and Other Equilibria 239 Do
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Buffers and Other Equilibria 241 16
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Buffers and Other Equilibria 243 Qu
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Buffers and Other Equilibria 245 Qu
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Buffers and Other Equilibria 247 pK
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Buffers and Other Equilibria 249 Th
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CHAPTER 17 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Entropy and Free Energy 253 17-2 En
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Entropy and Free Energy 255 17-5 Ut
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Entropy and Free Energy 257 Quick T
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Entropy and Free Energy 259 Be Care
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Entropy and Free Energy 261 Before
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Entropy and Free Energy 263 ANSWER
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CHAPTER 18 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
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Electrochemistry 267 Quick Tip Some
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Electrochemistry 269 Don’t Forget
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Electrochemistry 271 We can use thi
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Electrochemistry 273 do is reverse
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Electrochemistry 275 Don’t Forget
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Electrochemistry 277 Be Careful! Th
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Electrochemistry 279 ANSWER KEY 1.
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Page 316 and 317: Nuclear Chemistry 293 The sum of th
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Page 330 and 331: Organic, Biochemistry, and Polymers
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Page 350 and 351: Index 327 chemical formulas, 19-21
Page 352 and 353: Index 329 Gibbs free energy (G), 25
Page 356 and 357: Index 333 viscosity, 161 voltaic ce
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Untitled - Kelly Walsh High School

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