Technology and Terminology of Knapped Stone - IRIT

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4. Graphi c desig n an d techniqu e Three inseparable and necessary stages are involved in any drawing process : - drafting; - pencil drawing; - pen and ink drawing. 4.1. Draftin g A draft is primarily a method of observation, which enables the illustrator to assess the number of views required for describing the object (fig. 45 : 1). It is a free hand drawing where proportions should be respected as much as possible. The directions of removals (negatives and positives) visible on the surface of the object are indicated by arrows. When the bulbs and negative bulbs are present, a dot is added to the arrow. 4.2. Pencil drawin g This involves three stages (fig. 45 : 2). - drawing the outlines; - drawing the arrises; - shading. Drawing the outlines (fig. 46 : 1 and 2) The final result is highly dependant upon the care and accuracy with which the outlines are drawn. The technique used to construct the outlines applies to all views, front, profile or end view. The object is positioned horizontally on the sheet of drawing paper, the face to be drawn towards the viewer. The orthogonal projection of the outline of the object on paper is achieved with the help of a dihedron (a folded index card) applied along the outer borders of the artefact. When the dihedron comes across an arris, this is indicated by a short dash. The number of projected points must be sufficient for the outline to be accurately recorded, only then does one link the dots up. It is thereby possible to obtain an accurate delineation, which will be perfected by the addition of millimetric micro-details pertaining to the delineation of the artefact. Tracing the outline with a single bold sweep of the pencil applied along the edges of the object is strongly advised against. The delineation will be both deformed and enlarged owing to the thickness of the pencil, res ulting in smoothed out angles and shallow concavities. Moreover, the projection can never be orthogonal, thus jeopardizing the subsequent steps. Drawing the arrises (fig. 46 : 3 and 4) They are drawn according to their orthogonal projection, i.e. in conformity with a perfectly vertical observation of the view to be drawn. Proceeding from the more simple to the more complex makes for a more accurate drawing. The main arrises, which outline the negatives of the larger removals, should be drawn first, while the arrises associated with retouch should come last, ending with the smallest. Transfer errors cannot be avoided, but if the progression is gradual, at least errors do not pile up. The representation of the arrises is carried out visually and based on the drawing of the outline. For large artefacts, greater accuracy may be achieved by transferring a few conspicuous points (the intersection of two arrises, the boundaries of the cortical surface, etc.) with the help of a compass and two dihedrons. Shading Only shade and not projected shadow should be figured, i.e. shade on the artefact itself. Ill
Fig. 45 — The stages involved in the drawing process. 1. : drafting, choice of views, directions of removals. 2 : pencil drawing, tracing the outlines and arrises. 3 : pen and ink drawing with direction lines. 112
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Technology and Terminology of Knapp
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In the same collection Préhistoire
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Authors Marie-Louise Inizan*, Mich
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Chapter 4 : Debitage 59 The core De
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List o f illustration s Fig. 1 Raw
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Foreword Many students and research
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Why? Technology has its place withi
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In blade debitage 17 , for instance
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Chapter 1 Raw material s Knapped ha
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2. Knappin g suitability o f hard r
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• A single block of raw material
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Raw material procuremen t strategie
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unmodified block roughed ou t or pr
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Knapping, shaping, flaking, retouch
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could not be reached with such othe
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ipples, hackles (see p. 142). Parad
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• Languette 31 breaks occurring o
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- distinguish intentional from unin
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Fig. 9 — Blade debitage carried o
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Chapter 3 Shaping We use the term s
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to another in the course of roughin
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Fig. 13 — Example of bifacial sha
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aspects be from now on taken into c
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Polyhedral and spheroidal shaping a
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Fig. 18 — Preforms. 1 : experimen
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(fig. 18 : 3), using indirect percu
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As a rule, the part played by shapi
Page 61 and 62: study should not be dissociated fro
Page 63 and 64: Fig. 21 62 1 — Relatively simple
Page 65 and 66: Fig. 22 — Volumetric representati
Page 67 and 68: 66 Fig. 23 — Levallois debitage o
Page 69 and 70: 1. Recurrent unipolar Levallois met
Page 71 and 72: 0 1 2 3 9 Fig. 26 — Various examp
Page 73 and 74: 72 Fig. 28 — Phonolite cleaver on
Page 75 and 76: In the repeated production of blade
Page 77 and 78: Indirect percussion Strangely enoug
Page 79 and 80: Fig. 31 — Pressure debitage of bl
Page 81 and 82: method was invented in a Sibero-Mon
Page 83 and 84: These seven characteristics, as wel
Page 85 and 86: If the microburin blow has removed
Page 87 and 88: Fig. 34 — Various examples of spe
Page 90 and 91: Chapter 6 Technology a s a means to
Page 92 and 93: 1. Observation o f surface conditio
Page 94 and 95: 3. Framework fo r th e readin g o f
Page 96 and 97: Fig. 36 — Refitting. Centripetal
Page 98 and 99: hammer, the stability of the core o
Page 100 and 101: Only the major milestones in the co
Page 102 and 103: Chapter 7 0 I ~"~2 3 4 o Graphic re
Page 104 and 105: 103 Fig. 37 — Acheulean handaxe,
Page 106 and 107: Fig. 39 — Pressure-flaked bladele
Page 108 and 109: Fig. 41 — Examples of orientation
Page 110 and 111: 1 I Fig. 43 — Two layouts of view
Page 114 and 115: Fig. 46 — Tracing the outline and
Page 116 and 117: Fig. 47 — Uncompleted laurel leaf
Page 118 and 119: Fig. 48 — Graphical treatment of
Page 120 and 121: Fig. 50 — Large convex Mousterian
Page 122 and 123: 6. Symbol s Although multiple views
Page 124 and 125: Clean breaks are indicated by two s
Page 126 and 127: Fig. 54 — Schematic representatio
Page 128: indicated by numbered arrows. The p
Page 131 and 132: ANVIL. A block of relatively hard s
Page 133 and 134: produced at the very moment the fla
Page 135 and 136: Fig. 60 — Inclination of a burin
Page 137 and 138: Fig. 62 — Various types of butts.
Page 139 and 140: If the morphology of the raw materi
Page 141 and 142: 7 8 9 11 1 2 13 1 4 1 5 Fig. 65 —
Page 143 and 144: - or from a cobble, a slab, a core,
Page 145 and 146: INVERSE. A term defining a position
Page 147 and 148: distinguish the types of certain to
Page 149 and 150: Fig. 72 — The stone-knapper's set
Page 151 and 152: 5 Fig. 74 — Various examples of p
Page 153 and 154: 1 2 3 Fig. 75 — Position of remov
Page 155 and 156: 0 1 cm Fig. 78 — Proximal fragmen
Page 157 and 158: conventionally applied to "the fash
Page 160 and 161: AKAZAWA T., ODA S., YAMANAKA I. 198
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CRABTREE D.E. 1966 A stone worker's
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LAPLACE G. 1964 Essai de typologie
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SEMENOV S. A. 1964 Prehistoric tech
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Multilingual vocabulary
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pressure platfor m : proximal: f i
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ENGLISH : FRENCH abrasion : abrasio
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Levallois (méthode, éclat, etc.)
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punctiform : punktförmi g refittin
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ENGLISH : GREEK translated by A. Mo
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epiklinήV (epexergasίa) : low ang
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punch : punzone punctiform : puntif
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ENGLISH : PORTUGUESE translated by
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face : fac e faceta: buri n face t
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pressure platform : plano de presi
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LOUIS-JEAN avenue d'Embrun, 05003 G
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Technology and Terminology of Knapped Stone - IRIT

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