Technology and Terminology of Knapped Stone - IRIT

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Fig. 4 — Knapping techniques. 1 : direct percussion using a stone hammer. 2 : direct percussion using an antler billet. 3 : indirect percussion (antler punch, wooden billet). 4 : indirect percussion by counter-blow. 5 : pressure with a short pelvic crutch. 6 : pressure in the hand (parallel retouches). 31
could not be reached with such other currently used rocks as quartzites, basalts, flints, etc., which are harder and more resistant. • Direct percussion with a soft hammer (wood, antler, bone, ivory, etc.) occurs later in time (fig. 4 : 2). Evidence for this technique dates back to 700 000 years in Africa, but it probably appeared even earlier. Indirect percussion • Indirect percussion, in the accepted meaning of the word, involves the application of an intermediary tool, called punch, which can be of wood, antler, bone or metal (fig. 4 : 3). There is no indisputable evidence for this technique before the Mesolithic. • Indirect percussion by counter-blow (fig. 4 : 4) is used today in Khambhat (Gujarat, India) 33 to make carnelian and agate beads and trinkets. The piece to be knapped is held in the hand, touching the end of a pointed iron rod stuck in the ground; the opposite side of the stone is then struck with a buffalo-horn-topped hammer; the flake is removed by the counter-blow of the pointed iron rod. It is a remarkably effective technique, and could have been invented in prehistoric times, or at least when bronze appeared. 2. Pressur e Application of pressure to fracture raw materials (fig. 4 : 5 and 6). • Pressure is applied with the narrow end of a tool made of wood, antler, bone or metal. This debitage and retouching technique was invented in the Upper Palaeolithic. There are many different ways in which pressure can be applied (chap. 4, p. 76; fig. 30). • Pressure with a lever Considerable pressure (300 kg) can be exerted when a lever is used. This technique has only recently been experimented 34 , and is suggested to have been used for the production of the outsize (up to 41 cm) Varna type of blades 35 . It appears quite late in time, in the Chalcolithic and the Bronze Age, and is possibly connected with the use of copper. Knapping product s The expression "knapping products" has a general meaning, which does not prejudge their possible final use. Knapping products are thus, in a broad sense, flakes (for the moment there is no need to be more specific) produced by any knapping operation. Once knapping is shown to involve the production of blanks, these are known as debitage products. If and when a knapping product can be situated in its chaîne opératoire, it should be specified whether it is : a flake (lato sensu) resulting from the shaping out of a core ; a flake resulting from the shaping of a handaxe ; or a retouch flake, etc. It is only after having studied the tools and the production of blanks that one may apply the more restrictive term "knapping waste products" to the residue of material that is obviously not predetermined, not retouched, and not conceived as tool blanks (even though any ordinary flake is always a potential blank). 33 Possehl, 1981 ; Roux, Pelegrin, 1989. 34 Pelegrin, 1988 : 48; Volkof, Guiria, 1991. 35 See Pelegrin's diagnosis in : Manolakakis, 1994. 32
Page 1 and 2: Technology and Terminology of Knapp
Page 3 and 4: In the same collection Préhistoire
Page 5 and 6: Authors Marie-Louise Inizan*, Mich
Page 7 and 8: Chapter 4 : Debitage 59 The core De
Page 9 and 10: List o f illustration s Fig. 1 Raw
Page 12: Foreword Many students and research
Page 15 and 16: Why? Technology has its place withi
Page 17 and 18: In blade debitage 17 , for instance
Page 20 and 21: Chapter 1 Raw material s Knapped ha
Page 22 and 23: 2. Knappin g suitability o f hard r
Page 24 and 25: • A single block of raw material
Page 26 and 27: Raw material procuremen t strategie
Page 28: unmodified block roughed ou t or pr
Page 31: Knapping, shaping, flaking, retouch
Page 35 and 36: ipples, hackles (see p. 142). Parad
Page 37 and 38: • Languette 31 breaks occurring o
Page 39 and 40: - distinguish intentional from unin
Page 41 and 42: Fig. 9 — Blade debitage carried o
Page 44 and 45: Chapter 3 Shaping We use the term s
Page 46 and 47: to another in the course of roughin
Page 48 and 49: Fig. 13 — Example of bifacial sha
Page 50 and 51: aspects be from now on taken into c
Page 52 and 53: Polyhedral and spheroidal shaping a
Page 54 and 55: Fig. 18 — Preforms. 1 : experimen
Page 56 and 57: (fig. 18 : 3), using indirect percu
Page 58: As a rule, the part played by shapi
Page 61 and 62: study should not be dissociated fro
Page 63 and 64: Fig. 21 62 1 — Relatively simple
Page 65 and 66: Fig. 22 — Volumetric representati
Page 67 and 68: 66 Fig. 23 — Levallois debitage o
Page 69 and 70: 1. Recurrent unipolar Levallois met
Page 71 and 72: 0 1 2 3 9 Fig. 26 — Various examp
Page 73 and 74: 72 Fig. 28 — Phonolite cleaver on
Page 75 and 76: In the repeated production of blade
Page 77 and 78: Indirect percussion Strangely enoug
Page 79 and 80: Fig. 31 — Pressure debitage of bl
Page 81 and 82: method was invented in a Sibero-Mon
Page 83 and 84:
These seven characteristics, as wel
Page 85 and 86:
If the microburin blow has removed
Page 87 and 88:
Fig. 34 — Various examples of spe
Page 90 and 91:
Chapter 6 Technology a s a means to
Page 92 and 93:
1. Observation o f surface conditio
Page 94 and 95:
3. Framework fo r th e readin g o f
Page 96 and 97:
Fig. 36 — Refitting. Centripetal
Page 98 and 99:
hammer, the stability of the core o
Page 100 and 101:
Only the major milestones in the co
Page 102 and 103:
Chapter 7 0 I ~"~2 3 4 o Graphic re
Page 104 and 105:
103 Fig. 37 — Acheulean handaxe,
Page 106 and 107:
Fig. 39 — Pressure-flaked bladele
Page 108 and 109:
Fig. 41 — Examples of orientation
Page 110 and 111:
1 I Fig. 43 — Two layouts of view
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4. Graphi c desig n an d techniqu e
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Fig. 46 — Tracing the outline and
Page 116 and 117:
Fig. 47 — Uncompleted laurel leaf
Page 118 and 119:
Fig. 48 — Graphical treatment of
Page 120 and 121:
Fig. 50 — Large convex Mousterian
Page 122 and 123:
6. Symbol s Although multiple views
Page 124 and 125:
Clean breaks are indicated by two s
Page 126 and 127:
Fig. 54 — Schematic representatio
Page 128:
indicated by numbered arrows. The p
Page 131 and 132:
ANVIL. A block of relatively hard s
Page 133 and 134:
produced at the very moment the fla
Page 135 and 136:
Fig. 60 — Inclination of a burin
Page 137 and 138:
Fig. 62 — Various types of butts.
Page 139 and 140:
If the morphology of the raw materi
Page 141 and 142:
7 8 9 11 1 2 13 1 4 1 5 Fig. 65 —
Page 143 and 144:
- or from a cobble, a slab, a core,
Page 145 and 146:
INVERSE. A term defining a position
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distinguish the types of certain to
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Fig. 72 — The stone-knapper's set
Page 151 and 152:
5 Fig. 74 — Various examples of p
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1 2 3 Fig. 75 — Position of remov
Page 155 and 156:
0 1 cm Fig. 78 — Proximal fragmen
Page 157 and 158:
conventionally applied to "the fash
Page 160 and 161:
AKAZAWA T., ODA S., YAMANAKA I. 198
Page 162 and 163:
CRABTREE D.E. 1966 A stone worker's
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LAPLACE G. 1964 Essai de typologie
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SEMENOV S. A. 1964 Prehistoric tech
Page 168:
Multilingual vocabulary
Page 171 and 172:
pressure platfor m : proximal: f i
Page 173 and 174:
ENGLISH : FRENCH abrasion : abrasio
Page 175 and 176:
Levallois (méthode, éclat, etc.)
Page 177 and 178:
punctiform : punktförmi g refittin
Page 179 and 180:
ENGLISH : GREEK translated by A. Mo
Page 181 and 182:
epiklinήV (epexergasίa) : low ang
Page 183 and 184:
punch : punzone punctiform : puntif
Page 185 and 186:
ENGLISH : PORTUGUESE translated by
Page 187 and 188:
face : fac e faceta: buri n face t
Page 189 and 190:
pressure platform : plano de presi
Page 192:
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Technology and Terminology of Knapped Stone - IRIT

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