Technology and Terminology of Knapped Stone - IRIT

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Whether plunging is accidental or intentional such removals always provide information about the methods and techniques used. Any one who has experimented with knapping will have realised this sooner or later. POLISH. The polish (smooth and shiny appearance) of a piece can be achieved by various means, whether intentional (see polishing) or not (p. 91). POLISHING. The finishing of a shaped tool, or the preparation of a piece by friction against an active or passive polisher, with or without an abrasive. Polishing is thus the result of intentional action. POSITION. A word referring to the position of removals relative to the faces of an object (fig. 75); these can be : - direc t - invers e - alternat e - alternatin g - bifacia l - crossed . PREFORM. A term defined by D.E. Crabtree 152 to describe a bifacial piece that has been shaped (usually by percussion) to allow it to be finished by pressure-retouching or channel-flaking. The word preform is therefore used when referring to a piece that has been shaped or prepared with a view to undergoing a final series of operations involving one or more techiques (pressure-retouching, pecking, polishing), which differ from those used for shaping or preparation (fig. 18). For very elaborate pieces, the preform stage normally follows the roughout stage, and comes stage. immediately before the finishing PRELIMINARY FLAKING . The initial series of operations carried out on a natural block (including cortex removal) in order to prepare it before undertaking to : - rough out a tool; - shape out a core (fig. 10 : 1). PREPARATION. Any work prior to debitage, or any systematic retouching carried out to improve the chances of 152 Crabtree, 1966. success, can be referred to as preparation. For instance, a crest is prepared on a core (fig. 64), the edge of a blank is prepared to receive a burin blow (fig. 76 : 2b), an edge is prepared prior to being retouched, a preform is prepared by (pre-) polishing in order to obtain long parallel pressure retouches, etc. The confusion between preparation and retouching, and therefore between tools and waste products, can only be avoided through the reconstitution of the exact chronological sequence of technical actions. PRESSURE. Unlike percussion , this method of fracturing hard stone is carried out with a tool whose extremity applies pressure to detach a flak e (fig. 73). Pressure can be used for debitage (fig. 4 : 5, and fig. 30), or for retouching (fig. 4:6). PRESSURE PLATFORM. The part of a core to which pressure is applied in order to detach flakes, blades, or bladelets. Pressure platforms are often prepared (fig. 31), but can also be flat (fig. 32) or natural surfaces. PROXIMAL. An adjective of localizatio n (fig. 69 : 2) qualifying the end of the blank that bears the butt-and-bulb part. (fig. 5). Applies only to debitage products (flake, blade, bladelet). PUNCH. An object interposed between the striking platform of a core and the hammer. Experiment has shown that this knapping technique, called indirect percussion, can be used for the shaping out of cores, for the rejuvenation of striking and pressure platforms, for bifacial shaping, and especially for blade debitage (fig. 4 : 3). This object can be of stone, wood, bone, horn, antler, ivory or metal (fig. 72 : 11 to 13). PUNCTIFORM. A term restricted to a particular morphology of the butt (fig. 62 : 10). R REFIT. A complete series of conjoinin g sets, which belong to same block of raw material (a core and its debitage products for instance) (fig. 36 and 40). 151
1 2 3 Fig. 75 — Position of removals. 1 : direct. 2 : inverse. 3 : alternate (being here direct on the left edge and inverse on the right edge). 4 : alternating. 5 : bifacial. 6 : crossed. Fig. 76 — Examples of preparation. 1 : notch for stopping a burin spall. 2a : irregular unretouched blade edge. 2b : preparatory straightening of the edge prior to the removal of a burin spall. 152
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Technology and Terminology of Knapp
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In the same collection Préhistoire
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Authors Marie-Louise Inizan*, Mich
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Chapter 4 : Debitage 59 The core De
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List o f illustration s Fig. 1 Raw
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Foreword Many students and research
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Why? Technology has its place withi
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In blade debitage 17 , for instance
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Chapter 1 Raw material s Knapped ha
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2. Knappin g suitability o f hard r
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• A single block of raw material
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Raw material procuremen t strategie
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unmodified block roughed ou t or pr
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Knapping, shaping, flaking, retouch
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could not be reached with such othe
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ipples, hackles (see p. 142). Parad
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• Languette 31 breaks occurring o
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- distinguish intentional from unin
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Fig. 9 — Blade debitage carried o
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Chapter 3 Shaping We use the term s
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to another in the course of roughin
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Fig. 13 — Example of bifacial sha
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aspects be from now on taken into c
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Polyhedral and spheroidal shaping a
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Fig. 18 — Preforms. 1 : experimen
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(fig. 18 : 3), using indirect percu
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As a rule, the part played by shapi
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study should not be dissociated fro
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Fig. 21 62 1 — Relatively simple
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Fig. 22 — Volumetric representati
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66 Fig. 23 — Levallois debitage o
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1. Recurrent unipolar Levallois met
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0 1 2 3 9 Fig. 26 — Various examp
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72 Fig. 28 — Phonolite cleaver on
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In the repeated production of blade
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Indirect percussion Strangely enoug
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Fig. 31 — Pressure debitage of bl
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method was invented in a Sibero-Mon
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These seven characteristics, as wel
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If the microburin blow has removed
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Fig. 34 — Various examples of spe
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Chapter 6 Technology a s a means to
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1. Observation o f surface conditio
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3. Framework fo r th e readin g o f
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Fig. 36 — Refitting. Centripetal
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hammer, the stability of the core o
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Only the major milestones in the co
Page 102 and 103: Chapter 7 0 I ~"~2 3 4 o Graphic re
Page 104 and 105: 103 Fig. 37 — Acheulean handaxe,
Page 106 and 107: Fig. 39 — Pressure-flaked bladele
Page 108 and 109: Fig. 41 — Examples of orientation
Page 110 and 111: 1 I Fig. 43 — Two layouts of view
Page 112 and 113: 4. Graphi c desig n an d techniqu e
Page 114 and 115: Fig. 46 — Tracing the outline and
Page 116 and 117: Fig. 47 — Uncompleted laurel leaf
Page 118 and 119: Fig. 48 — Graphical treatment of
Page 120 and 121: Fig. 50 — Large convex Mousterian
Page 122 and 123: 6. Symbol s Although multiple views
Page 124 and 125: Clean breaks are indicated by two s
Page 126 and 127: Fig. 54 — Schematic representatio
Page 128: indicated by numbered arrows. The p
Page 131 and 132: ANVIL. A block of relatively hard s
Page 133 and 134: produced at the very moment the fla
Page 135 and 136: Fig. 60 — Inclination of a burin
Page 137 and 138: Fig. 62 — Various types of butts.
Page 139 and 140: If the morphology of the raw materi
Page 141 and 142: 7 8 9 11 1 2 13 1 4 1 5 Fig. 65 —
Page 143 and 144: - or from a cobble, a slab, a core,
Page 145 and 146: INVERSE. A term defining a position
Page 147 and 148: distinguish the types of certain to
Page 149 and 150: Fig. 72 — The stone-knapper's set
Page 151: 5 Fig. 74 — Various examples of p
Page 155 and 156: 0 1 cm Fig. 78 — Proximal fragmen
Page 157 and 158: conventionally applied to "the fash
Page 160 and 161: AKAZAWA T., ODA S., YAMANAKA I. 198
Page 162 and 163: CRABTREE D.E. 1966 A stone worker's
Page 164 and 165: LAPLACE G. 1964 Essai de typologie
Page 166 and 167: SEMENOV S. A. 1964 Prehistoric tech
Page 168: Multilingual vocabulary
Page 171 and 172: pressure platfor m : proximal: f i
Page 173 and 174: ENGLISH : FRENCH abrasion : abrasio
Page 175 and 176: Levallois (méthode, éclat, etc.)
Page 177 and 178: punctiform : punktförmi g refittin
Page 179 and 180: ENGLISH : GREEK translated by A. Mo
Page 181 and 182: epiklinήV (epexergasίa) : low ang
Page 183 and 184: punch : punzone punctiform : puntif
Page 185 and 186: ENGLISH : PORTUGUESE translated by
Page 187 and 188: face : fac e faceta: buri n face t
Page 189 and 190: pressure platform : plano de presi
Page 192: LOUIS-JEAN avenue d'Embrun, 05003 G
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Technology and Terminology of Knapped Stone - IRIT

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