Technology and Terminology of Knapped Stone - IRIT

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Chapter 4 Debitage Debitage is an operation that consists in fracturing a raw material in order to produce blanks. This conventional definition is appropriate only for products obtained intentionally by applying percussion and/or pressure. The term debitage is never used for breaks, even when the latter are intentional. Debitage divides the raw material into two categories of complementary objects : the core and the debitage products. Debitage often encompasses the following main phases : a phase concerned with the shaping out of the volume to be flaked, and the preparation of the striking or pressure platform(s); an initial phase of debitage; an optimal phase called "plein debitage", which can be followed by a final phase. Further shaping out and preparation can occur throughout the entire debitage sequence. A certain number of flakes show distinctive features testifying to such operations and can thus be mentally situated in the chaîne opératoire. The cor e Whatever the raw material used, whatever the techniques and methods applied, and whatever the nature of the core-to-be (block, slab, flake, etc.), a core primarily displays negatives of the flakes that have been removed. It can therefore be identified by recognizing (fig. 20) : - the surface(s), whether prepared or not, on which force (percussion or pressure) has been applied : these are the striking or pressure platforms; - the surfaces formed by the negatives of the flakes removed : these are the debitage surfaces; - the surfaces flaked at an earlier stage, if present. From a technological viewpoint, cores are debitage waste products. They reach us at the final stage of the debitage sequence and illustrate only the last moment of that sequence. Their 59
study should not be dissociated from that of unretouched products and tool blanks, if available. It must lead to the reconstruction of the production sequence(s) and of the operative scheme(s) brought into play. Finally, one should not forget that flakes - if chosen for this purpose - can also serve as cores. When this is the case, they can only be identified as such if part of their lower (positive) faces can still be recognized. STRIKING PLATFOR M Debitage product s Fig. 20 — Main descriptive terms for cores. By definition, these are products removed by pressure or percussion during debitage. They come under the general heading of "flakes", whether they be preparation flakes, blanks intended for future tools (used as such or subsequently modified), or characteristic waste products (fig. 9 and 10). Debitage products can be classified according to the part they play in the chaîne opératoire : shaping out flakes, preparation flakes, tool blanks and finally waste products. It is owing to the characteristics of some flakes and cores that prehistorians are able to reconstruct the debitage scheme intended for the manufacture of blanks. Debitage method s Like any technical action in stone-working, debitage is incorporated into a chaîne opératoire, for which an operative knapping scheme subtended by a project can always be recognized ; this holds true whatever the period and the methods involved. The ever increasing range of knapping techniques invented and reinvented throughout prehistory is well documented ; yet, major differences in the modes of conception and execution exist, which are not necessarily chronologically defined. To account for such differences, the contrast must be underlined between complex debitage operations (predetermined debitage) and simple debitage, requiring only a basic conceptual scheme and minimal skills. 60
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Technology and Terminology of Knapp
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In the same collection Préhistoire
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Authors Marie-Louise Inizan*, Mich
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Chapter 4 : Debitage 59 The core De
Page 9 and 10: List o f illustration s Fig. 1 Raw
Page 12: Foreword Many students and research
Page 15 and 16: Why? Technology has its place withi
Page 17 and 18: In blade debitage 17 , for instance
Page 20 and 21: Chapter 1 Raw material s Knapped ha
Page 22 and 23: 2. Knappin g suitability o f hard r
Page 24 and 25: • A single block of raw material
Page 26 and 27: Raw material procuremen t strategie
Page 28: unmodified block roughed ou t or pr
Page 31 and 32: Knapping, shaping, flaking, retouch
Page 33 and 34: could not be reached with such othe
Page 35 and 36: ipples, hackles (see p. 142). Parad
Page 37 and 38: • Languette 31 breaks occurring o
Page 39 and 40: - distinguish intentional from unin
Page 41 and 42: Fig. 9 — Blade debitage carried o
Page 44 and 45: Chapter 3 Shaping We use the term s
Page 46 and 47: to another in the course of roughin
Page 48 and 49: Fig. 13 — Example of bifacial sha
Page 50 and 51: aspects be from now on taken into c
Page 52 and 53: Polyhedral and spheroidal shaping a
Page 54 and 55: Fig. 18 — Preforms. 1 : experimen
Page 56 and 57: (fig. 18 : 3), using indirect percu
Page 58: As a rule, the part played by shapi
Page 63 and 64: Fig. 21 62 1 — Relatively simple
Page 65 and 66: Fig. 22 — Volumetric representati
Page 67 and 68: 66 Fig. 23 — Levallois debitage o
Page 69 and 70: 1. Recurrent unipolar Levallois met
Page 71 and 72: 0 1 2 3 9 Fig. 26 — Various examp
Page 73 and 74: 72 Fig. 28 — Phonolite cleaver on
Page 75 and 76: In the repeated production of blade
Page 77 and 78: Indirect percussion Strangely enoug
Page 79 and 80: Fig. 31 — Pressure debitage of bl
Page 81 and 82: method was invented in a Sibero-Mon
Page 83 and 84: These seven characteristics, as wel
Page 85 and 86: If the microburin blow has removed
Page 87 and 88: Fig. 34 — Various examples of spe
Page 90 and 91: Chapter 6 Technology a s a means to
Page 92 and 93: 1. Observation o f surface conditio
Page 94 and 95: 3. Framework fo r th e readin g o f
Page 96 and 97: Fig. 36 — Refitting. Centripetal
Page 98 and 99: hammer, the stability of the core o
Page 100 and 101: Only the major milestones in the co
Page 102 and 103: Chapter 7 0 I ~"~2 3 4 o Graphic re
Page 104 and 105: 103 Fig. 37 — Acheulean handaxe,
Page 106 and 107: Fig. 39 — Pressure-flaked bladele
Page 108 and 109: Fig. 41 — Examples of orientation
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1 I Fig. 43 — Two layouts of view
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4. Graphi c desig n an d techniqu e
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Fig. 46 — Tracing the outline and
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Fig. 47 — Uncompleted laurel leaf
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Fig. 48 — Graphical treatment of
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Fig. 50 — Large convex Mousterian
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6. Symbol s Although multiple views
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Clean breaks are indicated by two s
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Fig. 54 — Schematic representatio
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indicated by numbered arrows. The p
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ANVIL. A block of relatively hard s
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produced at the very moment the fla
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Fig. 60 — Inclination of a burin
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Fig. 62 — Various types of butts.
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If the morphology of the raw materi
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7 8 9 11 1 2 13 1 4 1 5 Fig. 65 —
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- or from a cobble, a slab, a core,
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INVERSE. A term defining a position
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distinguish the types of certain to
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Fig. 72 — The stone-knapper's set
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5 Fig. 74 — Various examples of p
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1 2 3 Fig. 75 — Position of remov
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0 1 cm Fig. 78 — Proximal fragmen
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conventionally applied to "the fash
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AKAZAWA T., ODA S., YAMANAKA I. 198
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CRABTREE D.E. 1966 A stone worker's
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LAPLACE G. 1964 Essai de typologie
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SEMENOV S. A. 1964 Prehistoric tech
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Multilingual vocabulary
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pressure platfor m : proximal: f i
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ENGLISH : FRENCH abrasion : abrasio
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Levallois (méthode, éclat, etc.)
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punctiform : punktförmi g refittin
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ENGLISH : GREEK translated by A. Mo
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epiklinήV (epexergasίa) : low ang
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punch : punzone punctiform : puntif
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ENGLISH : PORTUGUESE translated by
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face : fac e faceta: buri n face t
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pressure platform : plano de presi
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LOUIS-JEAN avenue d'Embrun, 05003 G
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Technology and Terminology of Knapped Stone - IRIT

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