Technology and Terminology of Knapped Stone - IRIT

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Fig. 79 — Various examples of sharpening on simple burins. 1 : burin with a single burin facet, no visible sharpening. 2 : sharpening by successive burin blows on the same point. 3 : sharpening by parallel removals. 4 : sharpening on both burin facets of a dihedral burin. 5 : sharpening by truncation and application of a new burin blow on the opposite edge. SHAPING. Shaping is a knapping operation carried out for the purpose of manufacturing a single artefact by sculpting the raw material in accordance with the desired form. In archaeology, the term applies to the manufacture of bifacial, polyhedral, trihedral pieces, etc., whatever the nature of the blank and the size of the finished product. Shaping generally involves two successive phases, roughing out and finishing, and can bring into play a number of techniques. Unlike debitage, the purpose of the operation is not to obtain blanks - although shaping often produces a high number of flakes - but to transform any type of blank into a tool. SHAPING OUT. The expression refers to the last operation that gives a core its final shape immediately prior to debitage proper. For instance, an unflaked Levallois core, or a blade core still possessing its crest(s) (fig. 10 and fig. 64 : 1). SHARPENING o r RESHARPENING. This term should only be applied to the rejuvenation of a tool by the same method used to create the original. If a different method has been used, the type of tool is transformed 155 . Indisputable traces of sharpening can subsist on some tools, such as burins (fig. 79 : 3, 4, 5). Further information is provided by characterisitc flakes, and direct proof by conjoin s and refits . SHARPENING SPALL . See buri n spall . SHOULDER. The French cran and epaulement, terms describing the delineation of an edge, are both translated by "shoulder". Cran implies a regular line of removals, which cuts sharply into an edge, and then curves along the edge to its very end (fig. 65 : 7). Epaulement implies a regularly curved line of removals, associating a concavity with a convexity (fig. 65 : 8). The principle is the same, but epaulement is 155 Thus, a burin on the retouched edge of a backed blade can easily be transformed into a dihedral burin on a backed blade. 155
conventionally applied to "the fashioning 1 5 6 of the active part of the tool" . "SIRET" (ACCIDENTAL BREAK). "The SO- 1 5 7 called 'Siret' burin should be laid to rest once and for all, as it is nothing but a knapping accident. It sometimes happens that during the separation of a flake two perpendicular flaking planes develop, the second one separating the flake into two 1 5 8 more or less equal parts" (fig. 80). This type of accidental break is common in flakes removed with a hard hammer. It occurs less commonly in blades, as well as when a soft hammer is used or when indirect percussion is applied. The frequency of its occurence is also linked to the quality of the raw material. For instance it is very common in the case of coarse-grained quartzites (Fontainebleau quartzite, Brazilian silicified arenite), or coarse-grained volcanic rocks lacking in homogeneity (East African phonolite). SKETCH. A free hand drawing, rendering the main features of the object with just a few strokes. It comes before the final drawing, of which it is the foundation (fig. 45). SPONTANEOUS REMOVALS. The expression "spontaneous retouch" was coined in 1976 1 5 9 by M. Newcomer to describe removals that occur within a fraction of a second after the detachment of a flake, which cannot fall free as the core is pressed against the hand, foot, or thigh of the knapper. These removals are due to the pressure of the flake against the core. They are quite unintentional, and are thus referred to as spontaneous removals. SPUR. A term restricted to a facette d but t morphology (fig. 62 : 8). 156 Brézillon, 1968 : 124. "... au dégagement de la partie active". 157 Siret, 1933. 158 Bordes, 1961 : 32. "// convient d'exécuter une fois pour toutes le burin dit 'de Siret' qui n'est qu'un accident de taille. Il arrive parfois que, lors du détachement d'un éclat, deux plans d'éclatement perpendiculaires se produisent, le second séparant l'éclat en deux parties plus ou moins égales". 159 Newcomer, 1976. 156 Fig. 80 — "Siret" accidental break : snapping in two of a flake along the percussion axis. (Atelier photo C.N.R.S., Meudon). STEPPED. A term describing the morphology of removals (fig. 70 : 2, and fig. 34 : 6). STRIKING PLATFORM. The part of a core that is struck, using percussion , in order to detach a flake, blade or bladelet. A striking platform can be a natural, flat, or prepared surface (fig. 20). SUB-PARALLEL. A term describing the morphology of removals (fig. 70 : 4). T TANG. A term of delineation , which refers to a projection outlined by two flanking notches or shoulder s (fig. 65: 11, 12); long narrow tang (fig. 65 : 13). TECHNIQUE. A technique being the practical manner of accomplishing a
Page 1 and 2:
Technology and Terminology of Knapp
Page 3 and 4:
In the same collection Préhistoire
Page 5 and 6:
Authors Marie-Louise Inizan*, Mich
Page 7 and 8:
Chapter 4 : Debitage 59 The core De
Page 9 and 10:
List o f illustration s Fig. 1 Raw
Page 12:
Foreword Many students and research
Page 15 and 16:
Why? Technology has its place withi
Page 17 and 18:
In blade debitage 17 , for instance
Page 20 and 21:
Chapter 1 Raw material s Knapped ha
Page 22 and 23:
2. Knappin g suitability o f hard r
Page 24 and 25:
• A single block of raw material
Page 26 and 27:
Raw material procuremen t strategie
Page 28:
unmodified block roughed ou t or pr
Page 31 and 32:
Knapping, shaping, flaking, retouch
Page 33 and 34:
could not be reached with such othe
Page 35 and 36:
ipples, hackles (see p. 142). Parad
Page 37 and 38:
• Languette 31 breaks occurring o
Page 39 and 40:
- distinguish intentional from unin
Page 41 and 42:
Fig. 9 — Blade debitage carried o
Page 44 and 45:
Chapter 3 Shaping We use the term s
Page 46 and 47:
to another in the course of roughin
Page 48 and 49:
Fig. 13 — Example of bifacial sha
Page 50 and 51:
aspects be from now on taken into c
Page 52 and 53:
Polyhedral and spheroidal shaping a
Page 54 and 55:
Fig. 18 — Preforms. 1 : experimen
Page 56 and 57:
(fig. 18 : 3), using indirect percu
Page 58:
As a rule, the part played by shapi
Page 61 and 62:
study should not be dissociated fro
Page 63 and 64:
Fig. 21 62 1 — Relatively simple
Page 65 and 66:
Fig. 22 — Volumetric representati
Page 67 and 68:
66 Fig. 23 — Levallois debitage o
Page 69 and 70:
1. Recurrent unipolar Levallois met
Page 71 and 72:
0 1 2 3 9 Fig. 26 — Various examp
Page 73 and 74:
72 Fig. 28 — Phonolite cleaver on
Page 75 and 76:
In the repeated production of blade
Page 77 and 78:
Indirect percussion Strangely enoug
Page 79 and 80:
Fig. 31 — Pressure debitage of bl
Page 81 and 82:
method was invented in a Sibero-Mon
Page 83 and 84:
These seven characteristics, as wel
Page 85 and 86:
If the microburin blow has removed
Page 87 and 88:
Fig. 34 — Various examples of spe
Page 90 and 91:
Chapter 6 Technology a s a means to
Page 92 and 93:
1. Observation o f surface conditio
Page 94 and 95:
3. Framework fo r th e readin g o f
Page 96 and 97:
Fig. 36 — Refitting. Centripetal
Page 98 and 99:
hammer, the stability of the core o
Page 100 and 101:
Only the major milestones in the co
Page 102 and 103:
Chapter 7 0 I ~"~2 3 4 o Graphic re
Page 104 and 105:
103 Fig. 37 — Acheulean handaxe,
Page 106 and 107: Fig. 39 — Pressure-flaked bladele
Page 108 and 109: Fig. 41 — Examples of orientation
Page 110 and 111: 1 I Fig. 43 — Two layouts of view
Page 112 and 113: 4. Graphi c desig n an d techniqu e
Page 114 and 115: Fig. 46 — Tracing the outline and
Page 116 and 117: Fig. 47 — Uncompleted laurel leaf
Page 118 and 119: Fig. 48 — Graphical treatment of
Page 120 and 121: Fig. 50 — Large convex Mousterian
Page 122 and 123: 6. Symbol s Although multiple views
Page 124 and 125: Clean breaks are indicated by two s
Page 126 and 127: Fig. 54 — Schematic representatio
Page 128: indicated by numbered arrows. The p
Page 131 and 132: ANVIL. A block of relatively hard s
Page 133 and 134: produced at the very moment the fla
Page 135 and 136: Fig. 60 — Inclination of a burin
Page 137 and 138: Fig. 62 — Various types of butts.
Page 139 and 140: If the morphology of the raw materi
Page 141 and 142: 7 8 9 11 1 2 13 1 4 1 5 Fig. 65 —
Page 143 and 144: - or from a cobble, a slab, a core,
Page 145 and 146: INVERSE. A term defining a position
Page 147 and 148: distinguish the types of certain to
Page 149 and 150: Fig. 72 — The stone-knapper's set
Page 151 and 152: 5 Fig. 74 — Various examples of p
Page 153 and 154: 1 2 3 Fig. 75 — Position of remov
Page 155: 0 1 cm Fig. 78 — Proximal fragmen
Page 160 and 161: AKAZAWA T., ODA S., YAMANAKA I. 198
Page 162 and 163: CRABTREE D.E. 1966 A stone worker's
Page 164 and 165: LAPLACE G. 1964 Essai de typologie
Page 166 and 167: SEMENOV S. A. 1964 Prehistoric tech
Page 168: Multilingual vocabulary
Page 171 and 172: pressure platfor m : proximal: f i
Page 173 and 174: ENGLISH : FRENCH abrasion : abrasio
Page 175 and 176: Levallois (méthode, éclat, etc.)
Page 177 and 178: punctiform : punktförmi g refittin
Page 179 and 180: ENGLISH : GREEK translated by A. Mo
Page 181 and 182: epiklinήV (epexergasίa) : low ang
Page 183 and 184: punch : punzone punctiform : puntif
Page 185 and 186: ENGLISH : PORTUGUESE translated by
Page 187 and 188: face : fac e faceta: buri n face t
Page 189 and 190: pressure platform : plano de presi
Page 192: LOUIS-JEAN avenue d'Embrun, 05003 G
show all

Technology and Terminology of Knapped Stone - IRIT

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?