Technology and Terminology of Knapped Stone - IRIT

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Chapter 1 Raw material s Knapped har d rock s 1. Mineralog y Prehistoric people worked a large variety of raw materials, rocks mainly but also quartz, which is a mineral. Knapped stones are connected with the geological context in which the earliest knappers moved about. Undoubtedly, choice of locations and movements across the territory were partly conditioned by prehistoric man's choices in matters of raw material use. Although the varieties worked seem to form a collection of disparate types, the selection is coherent from the point of view of the mechanical properties of the rocks. They are exclusively homogeneous and isotropic materials, in which the spread of fracture fronts, initiating from a predetermined impact, is guided by the laws of distribution of constraints. Without delving into the complexities of accurate mineralogical definitions, the four most common rock types used can be presented thus (fig. 1): • Sedimentary rocks, which include numerous varieties of flints (fig. 1 : 1, 2 and 7), cherts, some limestones, dolomitic rocks, sandstones, some jaspers that are genuine silicified pelites. • Such igneous rocks as are characterized by a microlithic or vitreous texture. Barring some fine-grained granites and diorites, they are mainly extrusive rocks, whose crystallization has been prevented or stopped by rapid cooling. They include rhyolites, trachytes, andesites, basalts, phonolites (fig. 1 : 6), ignimbrites and obsidians (fig. 1 : 3 and 4). • Metamorphic rocks such as quartzites (fig. 1 : 5). • A mineral (tectosilicate) of hydrothermal origin, which crystallizes at low temperatures and comes as polymorphous varieties : hyaline quartzes (isolated crystal, fig. 1 : 8), milky quartzes (crystal agglomerate), chalcedonies and agates (a microcrystalline concretionary form of quartz, variously coloured or banded). 19
7 8 Fig. 1 — Raw materials. 1 : banded Bergeracois flint, Dordogne. 2 : Touraine flint. 3 : blue-black obsidian, Zinaparo* Mexico. 4 : black and red mottled obsidian, Oregon, U.S.A. 5 : burgundyred quartzite, Tagus terraces, Portugal. 6 : grey-blue phonolite, Isenya, Kenya. 7 : putty-coloured Bergeracois flint, Dordogne, before and after heat treatment. 8 : hyaline quartz, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Atelier photo C.N.R.S., Meudon). 20
Page 1 and 2: Technology and Terminology of Knapp
Page 3 and 4: In the same collection Préhistoire
Page 5 and 6: Authors Marie-Louise Inizan*, Mich
Page 7 and 8: Chapter 4 : Debitage 59 The core De
Page 9 and 10: List o f illustration s Fig. 1 Raw
Page 12: Foreword Many students and research
Page 15 and 16: Why? Technology has its place withi
Page 17 and 18: In blade debitage 17 , for instance
Page 22 and 23: 2. Knappin g suitability o f hard r
Page 24 and 25: • A single block of raw material
Page 26 and 27: Raw material procuremen t strategie
Page 28: unmodified block roughed ou t or pr
Page 31 and 32: Knapping, shaping, flaking, retouch
Page 33 and 34: could not be reached with such othe
Page 35 and 36: ipples, hackles (see p. 142). Parad
Page 37 and 38: • Languette 31 breaks occurring o
Page 39 and 40: - distinguish intentional from unin
Page 41 and 42: Fig. 9 — Blade debitage carried o
Page 44 and 45: Chapter 3 Shaping We use the term s
Page 46 and 47: to another in the course of roughin
Page 48 and 49: Fig. 13 — Example of bifacial sha
Page 50 and 51: aspects be from now on taken into c
Page 52 and 53: Polyhedral and spheroidal shaping a
Page 54 and 55: Fig. 18 — Preforms. 1 : experimen
Page 56 and 57: (fig. 18 : 3), using indirect percu
Page 58: As a rule, the part played by shapi
Page 61 and 62: study should not be dissociated fro
Page 63 and 64: Fig. 21 62 1 — Relatively simple
Page 65 and 66: Fig. 22 — Volumetric representati
Page 67 and 68: 66 Fig. 23 — Levallois debitage o
Page 69 and 70:
1. Recurrent unipolar Levallois met
Page 71 and 72:
0 1 2 3 9 Fig. 26 — Various examp
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72 Fig. 28 — Phonolite cleaver on
Page 75 and 76:
In the repeated production of blade
Page 77 and 78:
Indirect percussion Strangely enoug
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Fig. 31 — Pressure debitage of bl
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method was invented in a Sibero-Mon
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These seven characteristics, as wel
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If the microburin blow has removed
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Fig. 34 — Various examples of spe
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Chapter 6 Technology a s a means to
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1. Observation o f surface conditio
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3. Framework fo r th e readin g o f
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Fig. 36 — Refitting. Centripetal
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hammer, the stability of the core o
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Only the major milestones in the co
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Chapter 7 0 I ~"~2 3 4 o Graphic re
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103 Fig. 37 — Acheulean handaxe,
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Fig. 39 — Pressure-flaked bladele
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Fig. 41 — Examples of orientation
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1 I Fig. 43 — Two layouts of view
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4. Graphi c desig n an d techniqu e
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Fig. 46 — Tracing the outline and
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Fig. 47 — Uncompleted laurel leaf
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Fig. 48 — Graphical treatment of
Page 120 and 121:
Fig. 50 — Large convex Mousterian
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6. Symbol s Although multiple views
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Clean breaks are indicated by two s
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Fig. 54 — Schematic representatio
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indicated by numbered arrows. The p
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ANVIL. A block of relatively hard s
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produced at the very moment the fla
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Fig. 60 — Inclination of a burin
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Fig. 62 — Various types of butts.
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If the morphology of the raw materi
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7 8 9 11 1 2 13 1 4 1 5 Fig. 65 —
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- or from a cobble, a slab, a core,
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INVERSE. A term defining a position
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distinguish the types of certain to
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Fig. 72 — The stone-knapper's set
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5 Fig. 74 — Various examples of p
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1 2 3 Fig. 75 — Position of remov
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0 1 cm Fig. 78 — Proximal fragmen
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conventionally applied to "the fash
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AKAZAWA T., ODA S., YAMANAKA I. 198
Page 162 and 163:
CRABTREE D.E. 1966 A stone worker's
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LAPLACE G. 1964 Essai de typologie
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SEMENOV S. A. 1964 Prehistoric tech
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Multilingual vocabulary
Page 171 and 172:
pressure platfor m : proximal: f i
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ENGLISH : FRENCH abrasion : abrasio
Page 175 and 176:
Levallois (méthode, éclat, etc.)
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punctiform : punktförmi g refittin
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ENGLISH : GREEK translated by A. Mo
Page 181 and 182:
epiklinήV (epexergasίa) : low ang
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punch : punzone punctiform : puntif
Page 185 and 186:
ENGLISH : PORTUGUESE translated by
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face : fac e faceta: buri n face t
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pressure platform : plano de presi
Page 192:
LOUIS-JEAN avenue d'Embrun, 05003 G
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Technology and Terminology of Knapped Stone - IRIT

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