Technology and Terminology of Knapped Stone - IRIT

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Fig. 69 — Localization of removals, various examples. 1 : distal right. 2 : proximal right and mesial left. 3 : distal right and proximal left. 4 and 5 : basal. lizations and their denominations are therefore dependant on the different orientations. In all cases the terms "right" and "left" are applied relative to the faces. LOW ANGLE. Denotes the angle of removals (fig. 56 : 4). M MESIAL. An adjective of localization , referring to the middle section of a blank. The word "central" is also used (fig. 5). METHOD. An orderly set of rational procedures devised for the purpose of achieving an end. The method followed to create a prehistoric tool is thus an orderly sequence of actions carried out according to one or more techniques, and guided by a rational plan. MICROBURIN. Distal microburin : distal part of a flake, blade or bladelet detached by the microburin blow technique. Proximal microburin : proximal part of a flake, blade or bladelet detached by the microburin blow technique. Double microburin : central part of a blade or bladelet showing at both ends the characteristics of a microburin (fig. 33). MORPHOLOGICAL AXIS . The axis of maximum symmetry of an object, in the direction of its greatest length 144 , whether on a debitage product (retouched or not), a bifacial tool, a chopper, etc. This axis is relevant to problems of conventional orientation, and certain measurements are dependent upon its determination, whether the object is drawn or not. It is also used to 144 Dauvois, 1976 : 24. 145
distinguish the types of certain tools, such as déjete convergent scrapers (fig. 41 : 4), pseudo-Levallois points, etc. MORPHOLOGY. A term conveying the idea of shape; i.e. the morphology of a tool, of a blank, of a core, of a removal, etc. MORPHOLOGY OF RETOUCH REMOVALS . The shapes of retouch removals are almost infinitely variable. The most widely used terms are (fig. 70) : - scale d : wide, short removals, wider in their distal extremity than in their proximal extremity, and bearing a close resemblance to fish-scales 145 , or more exactly to the imprint left by fish-scales; in their distal zone the flakes removed are slightly hinged, and this can be felt by running a finger-nail across the surface; - steppe d : removals showing similar, but far more pronounced characteristics, akin 1 4 6 to a flight of steps ; this implies a relatively thick blank; - parallel : a series of removals separated by parallel arrises; there are many possibilities, which combine the length and the angle of series of removals when they are obtained by pressure : parallel transverse or oblique, chevron patterned, rippled 147 , etc. (fig. 71); - sub-parallel : a series of removals separated by arrises that are more or less parallel. N NACELLE BREAK . A rather uncommon accidental fracture with a specific morphology, which can however occur quite frequently when pressure-flaking obsidian blades. It develops not very far from the butt. The fracture wave suddenly arches towards the upper face, removing part of the two edges, travels alongside the faces for a few millimeters, and intersects quite as suddenly the lower face. The nacelle is plainly visible on the lower face of the blade, and the small corresponding waste product also bears a specific morphology (fig. 7:5). 145 Bordes, 1961 : 8. 146 ibid. 141 These are known as "ripple-flakes" and refer to the Egyptian predynastic knives. 146 3 4 Fig. 70 — Morphology of removals. 1 : scaled. 2 : stepped. 3 : parallel. 4 : sub-parallel (Bordes, 1961 : fig. 2, 1). NEGATIVE BULB. Imprint or negative of the bulb of a flake (fig. 20). NEGATIVE OF REMOVAL. By definition, the complementary surface of a remova l created by the fracture of the raw material. Removal negatives are thus the scars visible on cores (fig. 20), on the upper faces of flakes (fig. 5), and on the retouches on all tools. NOSE. A term of delineation , denoting a projection flanked by two shoulder s (fig. 65 : 9).
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Technology and Terminology of Knapp
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In the same collection Préhistoire
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Authors Marie-Louise Inizan*, Mich
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Chapter 4 : Debitage 59 The core De
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List o f illustration s Fig. 1 Raw
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Foreword Many students and research
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Why? Technology has its place withi
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In blade debitage 17 , for instance
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Chapter 1 Raw material s Knapped ha
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2. Knappin g suitability o f hard r
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• A single block of raw material
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Raw material procuremen t strategie
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unmodified block roughed ou t or pr
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Knapping, shaping, flaking, retouch
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could not be reached with such othe
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ipples, hackles (see p. 142). Parad
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• Languette 31 breaks occurring o
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- distinguish intentional from unin
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Fig. 9 — Blade debitage carried o
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Chapter 3 Shaping We use the term s
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to another in the course of roughin
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Fig. 13 — Example of bifacial sha
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aspects be from now on taken into c
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Polyhedral and spheroidal shaping a
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Fig. 18 — Preforms. 1 : experimen
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(fig. 18 : 3), using indirect percu
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As a rule, the part played by shapi
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study should not be dissociated fro
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Fig. 21 62 1 — Relatively simple
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Fig. 22 — Volumetric representati
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66 Fig. 23 — Levallois debitage o
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1. Recurrent unipolar Levallois met
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0 1 2 3 9 Fig. 26 — Various examp
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72 Fig. 28 — Phonolite cleaver on
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In the repeated production of blade
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Indirect percussion Strangely enoug
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Fig. 31 — Pressure debitage of bl
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method was invented in a Sibero-Mon
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These seven characteristics, as wel
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If the microburin blow has removed
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Fig. 34 — Various examples of spe
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Chapter 6 Technology a s a means to
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1. Observation o f surface conditio
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3. Framework fo r th e readin g o f
Page 96 and 97: Fig. 36 — Refitting. Centripetal
Page 98 and 99: hammer, the stability of the core o
Page 100 and 101: Only the major milestones in the co
Page 102 and 103: Chapter 7 0 I ~"~2 3 4 o Graphic re
Page 104 and 105: 103 Fig. 37 — Acheulean handaxe,
Page 106 and 107: Fig. 39 — Pressure-flaked bladele
Page 108 and 109: Fig. 41 — Examples of orientation
Page 110 and 111: 1 I Fig. 43 — Two layouts of view
Page 112 and 113: 4. Graphi c desig n an d techniqu e
Page 114 and 115: Fig. 46 — Tracing the outline and
Page 116 and 117: Fig. 47 — Uncompleted laurel leaf
Page 118 and 119: Fig. 48 — Graphical treatment of
Page 120 and 121: Fig. 50 — Large convex Mousterian
Page 122 and 123: 6. Symbol s Although multiple views
Page 124 and 125: Clean breaks are indicated by two s
Page 126 and 127: Fig. 54 — Schematic representatio
Page 128: indicated by numbered arrows. The p
Page 131 and 132: ANVIL. A block of relatively hard s
Page 133 and 134: produced at the very moment the fla
Page 135 and 136: Fig. 60 — Inclination of a burin
Page 137 and 138: Fig. 62 — Various types of butts.
Page 139 and 140: If the morphology of the raw materi
Page 141 and 142: 7 8 9 11 1 2 13 1 4 1 5 Fig. 65 —
Page 143 and 144: - or from a cobble, a slab, a core,
Page 145: INVERSE. A term defining a position
Page 149 and 150: Fig. 72 — The stone-knapper's set
Page 151 and 152: 5 Fig. 74 — Various examples of p
Page 153 and 154: 1 2 3 Fig. 75 — Position of remov
Page 155 and 156: 0 1 cm Fig. 78 — Proximal fragmen
Page 157 and 158: conventionally applied to "the fash
Page 160 and 161: AKAZAWA T., ODA S., YAMANAKA I. 198
Page 162 and 163: CRABTREE D.E. 1966 A stone worker's
Page 164 and 165: LAPLACE G. 1964 Essai de typologie
Page 166 and 167: SEMENOV S. A. 1964 Prehistoric tech
Page 168: Multilingual vocabulary
Page 171 and 172: pressure platfor m : proximal: f i
Page 173 and 174: ENGLISH : FRENCH abrasion : abrasio
Page 175 and 176: Levallois (méthode, éclat, etc.)
Page 177 and 178: punctiform : punktförmi g refittin
Page 179 and 180: ENGLISH : GREEK translated by A. Mo
Page 181 and 182: epiklinήV (epexergasίa) : low ang
Page 183 and 184: punch : punzone punctiform : puntif
Page 185 and 186: ENGLISH : PORTUGUESE translated by
Page 187 and 188: face : fac e faceta: buri n face t
Page 189 and 190: pressure platform : plano de presi
Page 192: LOUIS-JEAN avenue d'Embrun, 05003 G
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Technology and Terminology of Knapped Stone - IRIT

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