Technology and Terminology of Knapped Stone - IRIT

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Foreword Many students and researchers have felt the need for an up-to-date guide to the jungle of prehistoric worked stone, either for professional purposes or from personal curiosity. The qualities of worked stone, in addition to its imperishable nature and its use since the dawn of prehistoric time, certainly confer a special status on it until its replacement by more versatile materials such as metals. Nevertheless, it would be a mistake to think that stone-working contributes to the understanding of past behaviour for prehistoric societies alone. The abundance of easily available raw materials as well as the existence of technical expertises allowed the use of worked stone to continue into historical time. The true decline in the use of worked stone seems to coincide with the appearance of iron. However, let us not overlook gun flints and tinderboxes, nor the threshing sledge (tribulum), still in use today in agriculture. The first French edition of Préhistoire de la pierre taillée in 1980 1 contributed to a renewal in the interpretation of lithic assemblages from a technical viewpoint. It included the terminological lexicon published by one of the authors in 1963 2 , and translated by M. Newcomer in 1974 3 , which was relatively rudimentary and still oriented more towards typology than technology. In 1992, a new edition, in English 4 , gave us the opportunity to take into account recent advances in understanding the technology of knapped stone, as much from a theoretical standpoint as in archaeological applications. Like the earlier editions, it was intended as a basic reference book for as wide a public as possible. A multiligual lexicon in eight languages was appended, written by prehistorians in their own mother-tongues, which should ease communication and subsequently enrich the field of technology. The new 1995 French edition 5 , of which this latest English edition is the unabridged translation, was entirely revised; amongst other additions, a chapter devoted to graphic expression was included, being essential to communication in technological studies. The multilingual lexicon (with Portuguese added) 6 is of course appended to the present edition. 1 Tixier, Inizan, Roche, 1980. 2 Tixier, 1963. 3 Tixier, 1974. 4 Inizan, Roche, Tixier, 1992. 5 Inizan, Reduron, Roche, Tixier, 1995. 6 Fellow prehistorians kindly took on this task : Joachim Hahn (Tubingen University) wrote the German text, Sulta n Muhesen (Director of Antiquities and Museums of Syria) the Arabic text, Sergio Ripoll (Madrid, National University "a Distancia") the Spanish, Antiklia Moundrea the Greek, Daniell a Zampett i (Rome, University "La Sapienza") the Italian, and Lui s Rapos o (Lisbon, National Museum of Archaeology) the Portuguese. 11
Page 1 and 2: Technology and Terminology of Knapp
Page 3 and 4: In the same collection Préhistoire
Page 5 and 6: Authors Marie-Louise Inizan*, Mich
Page 7 and 8: Chapter 4 : Debitage 59 The core De
Page 9 and 10: List o f illustration s Fig. 1 Raw
Page 14 and 15: Introduction Technology The term te
Page 16 and 17: ing other sub-systems into play. It
Page 18: Terminology The problem of a unifor
Page 21 and 22: 7 8 Fig. 1 — Raw materials. 1 : b
Page 23 and 24: RAW MATERIALS EXPERIMENTS Obsidian
Page 25 and 26: as used the said debitage technique
Page 27 and 28: The deceptively simple problems men
Page 30 and 31: Chapter 2 Knapping Intentional knap
Page 32 and 33: Fig. 4 — Knapping techniques. 1 :
Page 34 and 35: 1. Describing a flake Removals from
Page 36 and 37: Fig. 6 — Large blade with multipl
Page 38 and 39: Fig. 7 — Experimental knapping ac
Page 40 and 41: Three knapping sequence s 5 8 — B
Page 42: Fig. 10 — Blade debitage carried
Page 45 and 46: Bifacial shapin g Bifacial shaping
Page 47 and 48: Fig. 12 — Various examples of bif
Page 49 and 50: Fig. 14 — Bifacial-shaping flakes
Page 51 and 52: Fig. 16 — Polyhedral and spheroid
Page 53 and 54: Fig. 17 — Trihedral shaping : tri
Page 55 and 56: • "Square cross-section" stone ax
Page 57 and 58: 56 Fig. 19 — Phonolite cleaver, A
Page 60 and 61: Chapter 4 Debitage Debitage is an o
Page 62 and 63:
1. Simple debitag e Flakes are prod
Page 64 and 65:
was currently equated with "Levallo
Page 66 and 67:
One of the surfaces is the debitage
Page 68 and 69:
Fig. 24 — Recurrent centripetal L
Page 70 and 71:
Fig. 25 — Debitage of a Levallois
Page 72 and 73:
3a 3b Fig. 27 — Debitage of a Kom
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While the distinction between blade
Page 76 and 77:
Fig. 29 — Various types of blade-
Page 78 and 79:
Fig. 30 — Experimental blade and
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3a 4 a 5 a Fig. 32 — The Yubetsu
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Chapter 5 Retouching Definition 0 1
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percussion o r pression point s Fig
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with waste, is now outdated; burins
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The seve n characteristics and asso
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The term "object" is deliberately u
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• Thermal damage mainly covers :
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Fig. 35 — Thermal damage : natura
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techniques and methods, which can b
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e the work of an experienced specia
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As we expounded in the introduction
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2. How t o dra w Computers provide
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Fig. 38 — Various examples of deb
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Fig. 40 —Refitting. Flakes belong
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Fig. 42 — Views used in lithic il
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a b c Fig. 44 — Different ways of
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Fig. 45 — The stages involved in
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- values of half-light, or parts st
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Self-adhesive shading films are use
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Fig. 49 — Graphical rendering of
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5.3. Alteration s Frost pits, (i po
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Orientation an d direction of debit
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previous buri n blo w limit o f par
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Schematizing 1. Schematic represent
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Chapter 8 Terminological lexico n A
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Fig. 57 — Various examples of sim
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10 Fig. 58 -— Surfa
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Fig. 61 — Schematic illustration
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Fig. 63 — Fluting experiment. Bif
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Fig. 64 — Schematic illustration
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DISTAL. An adjective of localizatio
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HEAT TREATMENT (THERMA L TREATMENT)
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Fig. 69 — Localization of removal
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NOTCH. A term describing the deline
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Fig. 73 — The stone-knapper's set
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Whether plunging is accidental or i
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1 Fig. 77 — Core tablet and rejuv
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Fig. 79 — Various examples of sha
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particular task, we define a "techn
Page 161 and 162:
BORDES F. 1967 Considérations sur
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GRIFFITHS D.R., BERGMAN C.A., CLAYT
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PELEGRIN J. 1991b Les savoir-faire
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VOLKOF P.V., GUIRIA El. 1991 Recher
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ENGLISH - ARABIC translated by ^ i
Page 172 and 173:
"débitage" axis : J^lJI cone : Jft
Page 174 and 175:
efit(ting) : remontag e rejuvenatio
Page 176 and 177:
ENGLISH : GERMA N translated by J.
Page 178 and 179:
Lippe : lip Lokalisierung : localiz
Page 180 and 181:
orientation : prosanatoliamόV over
Page 182 and 183:
ENGLISH : ITALIAN translated by D.
Page 184 and 185:
morfologia : morpholog y morfologia
Page 186 and 187:
polished : desgaste de polimento po
Page 188 and 189:
ENGLISH : SPANISH translated by S.
Page 190:
inclinado : cante d indirecto(a): i
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Technology and Terminology of Knapped Stone - IRIT

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