Technology and Terminology of Knapped Stone - IRIT

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NOTCH. A term describing the delineatio n of an edge, indicating a sharp dent, generally concave, sometimes V-shaped, with a small curvature radius, and created by various retouch techniques (fig. 34 : 4). See Clactonian. o OPENING FLAKE . See first flake. ORIENTATION. The orientation of knapped stone objects is entirely a matter of convention. It can vary, depending on whether objects are being drawn or studied. See debitage axis , morphologica l axis , locali - zation (fig. 41). OVERHANG. A projection crowning a core. The strikin g or pressur e platfor m overhangs the negative bulb s (fig. 20). Its abrasion signally eases debitage, especially in the case of direct percussion with a soft hammer. It is not, however, necessarily required for debitage by percussion with a hard hammer, or for pressure debitage. The presence or absence of an overhang therefore supplies useful information about the debitage or preparation techniques. p PARALLEL. A term describing the morphology o f removals (fig. 70 : 3, fig. 71). PARTIAL. A term applying to : - the distributio n of removals along an edge (fig. 66 : 3); - bifacial tools not entirely knapped (partial biface). PATINA. A natural alteration of the outer part of an object, after its intentional knapping. On a single object therefore, the patina always develops later than the cortex. A tool can show several patinas, which can demonstrate the sequence of transformation to which it has been subjected. PECKING. The stone-cutter's pick-hammer (or pecker), a pointed hammer used for tooling the faces of a stone, is a modern instrument. "The pick-hammer is used for Fig. 71 — Examples of oblique covering parallel retouch. Left: obsidian, J. Tixier. Right: Grand-Pressigny heat-treated flint, DE. Crabtree. (Atelier photo C.N.R.S., Meudon). crushing and levelling out the roughest edges of the stone" 148 . When applied to a smooth surface, it has a reverse effect, producing small indentations. This action is known as pecking, and in archaeology the term refers to a technique that can be detected on artefacts bearing a pitted facing produced by a stone hammer. Pecking can be used for : - blunting ridges and obtaining a rounded form, as in the shaping of spheroids and bolas (which should not be mistaken for hammerstones, although the difference is not always obvious, fig. 16 : 2, 3); - for roughening surfaces, as in the case of grinding stones (querns and mortars), or, in more recent prehistoric times, for dressing building stones; - for preparing a surface prior to polishing it; - etc. 148 Bessac, 1987 : 79. "La boucharde écrase ou égalise les plus grosses aspérités de la pierre". 147
Fig. 72 — The stone-knapper's set of tools for percussion (J. Pelegrin). 1, 2, 3 : various hammerstones. 4, 5, 6 : antler billets. 7, 8 : small abrading sandstone pebbles. 9, 10 : wooden billets for direct or indirect percussion. 11, 12, 13 : antler punches (Atelier photo C.N.R.S., Meudon). PERCUSSION. By definition, the action of striking one object with another. Of the two main techniques used for fracturing hard stone during prehistoric times, percussion was the first to appear and the only one in use for a very long period. It therefore refers to knapped, flaked, shaped, and retouched objects. Direct percussio n (fig. 4 : 1, 2; fig. 72) is directly applied by a hammer. It is current 148 ly impossible to distinguish an "active" (or mobile) hand-held hammer-stone from a "passive" (or immobile) one, as the traces they bear are identical. Indirect percussio n (fig. 4 : 3) involves an intermediate object (a punch ) as well as a hammer. There is no indisputable evidence for the use of this technique during the Palaeolithic, in spite of what has repeatedly been claimed.
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Technology and Terminology of Knapp
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In the same collection Préhistoire
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Authors Marie-Louise Inizan*, Mich
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Chapter 4 : Debitage 59 The core De
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List o f illustration s Fig. 1 Raw
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Foreword Many students and research
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Why? Technology has its place withi
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In blade debitage 17 , for instance
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Chapter 1 Raw material s Knapped ha
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2. Knappin g suitability o f hard r
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• A single block of raw material
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Raw material procuremen t strategie
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unmodified block roughed ou t or pr
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Knapping, shaping, flaking, retouch
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could not be reached with such othe
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ipples, hackles (see p. 142). Parad
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• Languette 31 breaks occurring o
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- distinguish intentional from unin
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Fig. 9 — Blade debitage carried o
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Chapter 3 Shaping We use the term s
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to another in the course of roughin
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Fig. 13 — Example of bifacial sha
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aspects be from now on taken into c
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Polyhedral and spheroidal shaping a
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Fig. 18 — Preforms. 1 : experimen
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(fig. 18 : 3), using indirect percu
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As a rule, the part played by shapi
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study should not be dissociated fro
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Fig. 21 62 1 — Relatively simple
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Fig. 22 — Volumetric representati
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66 Fig. 23 — Levallois debitage o
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1. Recurrent unipolar Levallois met
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0 1 2 3 9 Fig. 26 — Various examp
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72 Fig. 28 — Phonolite cleaver on
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In the repeated production of blade
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Indirect percussion Strangely enoug
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Fig. 31 — Pressure debitage of bl
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method was invented in a Sibero-Mon
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These seven characteristics, as wel
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If the microburin blow has removed
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Fig. 34 — Various examples of spe
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Chapter 6 Technology a s a means to
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1. Observation o f surface conditio
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3. Framework fo r th e readin g o f
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Fig. 36 — Refitting. Centripetal
Page 98 and 99: hammer, the stability of the core o
Page 100 and 101: Only the major milestones in the co
Page 102 and 103: Chapter 7 0 I ~"~2 3 4 o Graphic re
Page 104 and 105: 103 Fig. 37 — Acheulean handaxe,
Page 106 and 107: Fig. 39 — Pressure-flaked bladele
Page 108 and 109: Fig. 41 — Examples of orientation
Page 110 and 111: 1 I Fig. 43 — Two layouts of view
Page 112 and 113: 4. Graphi c desig n an d techniqu e
Page 114 and 115: Fig. 46 — Tracing the outline and
Page 116 and 117: Fig. 47 — Uncompleted laurel leaf
Page 118 and 119: Fig. 48 — Graphical treatment of
Page 120 and 121: Fig. 50 — Large convex Mousterian
Page 122 and 123: 6. Symbol s Although multiple views
Page 124 and 125: Clean breaks are indicated by two s
Page 126 and 127: Fig. 54 — Schematic representatio
Page 128: indicated by numbered arrows. The p
Page 131 and 132: ANVIL. A block of relatively hard s
Page 133 and 134: produced at the very moment the fla
Page 135 and 136: Fig. 60 — Inclination of a burin
Page 137 and 138: Fig. 62 — Various types of butts.
Page 139 and 140: If the morphology of the raw materi
Page 141 and 142: 7 8 9 11 1 2 13 1 4 1 5 Fig. 65 —
Page 143 and 144: - or from a cobble, a slab, a core,
Page 145 and 146: INVERSE. A term defining a position
Page 147: distinguish the types of certain to
Page 151 and 152: 5 Fig. 74 — Various examples of p
Page 153 and 154: 1 2 3 Fig. 75 — Position of remov
Page 155 and 156: 0 1 cm Fig. 78 — Proximal fragmen
Page 157 and 158: conventionally applied to "the fash
Page 160 and 161: AKAZAWA T., ODA S., YAMANAKA I. 198
Page 162 and 163: CRABTREE D.E. 1966 A stone worker's
Page 164 and 165: LAPLACE G. 1964 Essai de typologie
Page 166 and 167: SEMENOV S. A. 1964 Prehistoric tech
Page 168: Multilingual vocabulary
Page 171 and 172: pressure platfor m : proximal: f i
Page 173 and 174: ENGLISH : FRENCH abrasion : abrasio
Page 175 and 176: Levallois (méthode, éclat, etc.)
Page 177 and 178: punctiform : punktförmi g refittin
Page 179 and 180: ENGLISH : GREEK translated by A. Mo
Page 181 and 182: epiklinήV (epexergasίa) : low ang
Page 183 and 184: punch : punzone punctiform : puntif
Page 185 and 186: ENGLISH : PORTUGUESE translated by
Page 187 and 188: face : fac e faceta: buri n face t
Page 189 and 190: pressure platform : plano de presi
Page 192: LOUIS-JEAN avenue d'Embrun, 05003 G
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