Technology and Terminology of Knapped Stone - IRIT

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3. Framework fo r th e readin g o f a knapped ston e objec t 3.1. Observatio n o f surface condition s 3.2. Characterizatio n o f the ra w materia l 3.3. Identificatio n o f th e blank , i f recognizabl e Unknapped blank - type (slab, cobble, etc.) - orientation (according to a morphological axis, to technical characteristics, etc.) Knapped blank - orientation according to the debitage axis (lower face, upper face, butt, left and right edges, etc.) - appreciation of technical morphologies (including knapping accidents) • which tell us about knapping techniques and methods - by examining the proximal end : pressure and percussion techniques - by examining the upper face : not predetermined, predetermined by means of the Levallois method, the Kombewa method, etc. - by examining the distal end : plunging on a core, on a burin, etc. - by examining breaks : accidental or intentional, occurring during debitage, etc. • which testify to preparation - by examining the upper face : Levallois surface, crest, etc. - by examining the lower face : different butt types, overhang abrasion, etc. 3.4. Specia l knappin g technique s 3.5. Description o f removal s b y mean s o f thei r mai n characteristic s • position • localization • distribution • delineation • extent • angle • morphology • etc. 3.6. Defining th e object , whethe r i t be a too l o r no t 93
Fig. 35 — Thermal damage : natural pits mimicking removal negatives, siliceous rock, Qatar desert (Photo J.-L. Princelle). Understanding a lithie assemblag e The intrinsic informative value of an archaeological site, the quality of excavation and recording methods, the amount of lithic material and the type of site (short-term location, seasonal or permanent campsite, workshop, etc.), will all have a bearing on possible interpretations. However, the mastery of technological interpretation, due to the development of new analytical methods and techniques, has considerably enriched the study of prehistoric societies. Innovative research strategies give substance to hypotheses long considered as purely speculative : conjoining and refitting, experimentation and microwear analysis have witnessed major breakthroughs over the last ten years. The study of the cognitive and psychomotor aspects of technical behaviour is a recent development, but its potential for research into the technical skills of extinct societies has already been demonstrated. These methods, which have now become fields of specialization, are briefly presented hereafter. 1. Conjoins an d refit s (figs . 3 6 and 40 ) Beginning nearly a century ago, conjoining - rather than refitting - has been common practice among prehistorians, generally in order to confirm the contemporaneity of a stratigraphic sequence, or simply out of curiosity 83 . At Pincevent 84 , the systematic refitting of finds, by which the understanding of the occupation units was furthered, has shown the wealth of information that such a method can provide. At present, it contributes more to palaeoethnic knowledge than to research into knapping 83 The Big Puzzle, 1980; Cahen, 1987. 84 Leroi-Gourhan, Brezillon, 1972. 94
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Technology and Terminology of Knapp
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In the same collection Préhistoire
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Authors Marie-Louise Inizan*, Mich
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Chapter 4 : Debitage 59 The core De
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List o f illustration s Fig. 1 Raw
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Foreword Many students and research
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Why? Technology has its place withi
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In blade debitage 17 , for instance
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Chapter 1 Raw material s Knapped ha
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2. Knappin g suitability o f hard r
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• A single block of raw material
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Raw material procuremen t strategie
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unmodified block roughed ou t or pr
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Knapping, shaping, flaking, retouch
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could not be reached with such othe
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ipples, hackles (see p. 142). Parad
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• Languette 31 breaks occurring o
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- distinguish intentional from unin
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Fig. 9 — Blade debitage carried o
Page 44 and 45: Chapter 3 Shaping We use the term s
Page 46 and 47: to another in the course of roughin
Page 48 and 49: Fig. 13 — Example of bifacial sha
Page 50 and 51: aspects be from now on taken into c
Page 52 and 53: Polyhedral and spheroidal shaping a
Page 54 and 55: Fig. 18 — Preforms. 1 : experimen
Page 56 and 57: (fig. 18 : 3), using indirect percu
Page 58: As a rule, the part played by shapi
Page 61 and 62: study should not be dissociated fro
Page 63 and 64: Fig. 21 62 1 — Relatively simple
Page 65 and 66: Fig. 22 — Volumetric representati
Page 67 and 68: 66 Fig. 23 — Levallois debitage o
Page 69 and 70: 1. Recurrent unipolar Levallois met
Page 71 and 72: 0 1 2 3 9 Fig. 26 — Various examp
Page 73 and 74: 72 Fig. 28 — Phonolite cleaver on
Page 75 and 76: In the repeated production of blade
Page 77 and 78: Indirect percussion Strangely enoug
Page 79 and 80: Fig. 31 — Pressure debitage of bl
Page 81 and 82: method was invented in a Sibero-Mon
Page 83 and 84: These seven characteristics, as wel
Page 85 and 86: If the microburin blow has removed
Page 87 and 88: Fig. 34 — Various examples of spe
Page 90 and 91: Chapter 6 Technology a s a means to
Page 92 and 93: 1. Observation o f surface conditio
Page 96 and 97: Fig. 36 — Refitting. Centripetal
Page 98 and 99: hammer, the stability of the core o
Page 100 and 101: Only the major milestones in the co
Page 102 and 103: Chapter 7 0 I ~"~2 3 4 o Graphic re
Page 104 and 105: 103 Fig. 37 — Acheulean handaxe,
Page 106 and 107: Fig. 39 — Pressure-flaked bladele
Page 108 and 109: Fig. 41 — Examples of orientation
Page 110 and 111: 1 I Fig. 43 — Two layouts of view
Page 112 and 113: 4. Graphi c desig n an d techniqu e
Page 114 and 115: Fig. 46 — Tracing the outline and
Page 116 and 117: Fig. 47 — Uncompleted laurel leaf
Page 118 and 119: Fig. 48 — Graphical treatment of
Page 120 and 121: Fig. 50 — Large convex Mousterian
Page 122 and 123: 6. Symbol s Although multiple views
Page 124 and 125: Clean breaks are indicated by two s
Page 126 and 127: Fig. 54 — Schematic representatio
Page 128: indicated by numbered arrows. The p
Page 131 and 132: ANVIL. A block of relatively hard s
Page 133 and 134: produced at the very moment the fla
Page 135 and 136: Fig. 60 — Inclination of a burin
Page 137 and 138: Fig. 62 — Various types of butts.
Page 139 and 140: If the morphology of the raw materi
Page 141 and 142: 7 8 9 11 1 2 13 1 4 1 5 Fig. 65 —
Page 143 and 144: - or from a cobble, a slab, a core,
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INVERSE. A term defining a position
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distinguish the types of certain to
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Fig. 72 — The stone-knapper's set
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5 Fig. 74 — Various examples of p
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1 2 3 Fig. 75 — Position of remov
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0 1 cm Fig. 78 — Proximal fragmen
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conventionally applied to "the fash
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AKAZAWA T., ODA S., YAMANAKA I. 198
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CRABTREE D.E. 1966 A stone worker's
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LAPLACE G. 1964 Essai de typologie
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SEMENOV S. A. 1964 Prehistoric tech
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Multilingual vocabulary
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pressure platfor m : proximal: f i
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ENGLISH : FRENCH abrasion : abrasio
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Levallois (méthode, éclat, etc.)
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punctiform : punktförmi g refittin
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ENGLISH : GREEK translated by A. Mo
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epiklinήV (epexergasίa) : low ang
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punch : punzone punctiform : puntif
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ENGLISH : PORTUGUESE translated by
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face : fac e faceta: buri n face t
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pressure platform : plano de presi
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LOUIS-JEAN avenue d'Embrun, 05003 G
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