Technology and Terminology of Knapped Stone - IRIT

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Fig. 57 — Various examples of simple burins. Axis burins. 1 : dihedral. 2 : on truncation. "Dejetes" burins. 3 : dihedral. 4 : on lateral retouch. Transverse burins on notch. 5 : on a blade. 6 : on a flake. Angle burins. 7 : on truncation. 8 : on transversal break. 9 : on transversal burin facet. removals on its upper face, and also having more or less parallel edges. Although the distinction is perfectly valid in theory, it is often difficult to make in practice, and will therefore be disregarded" 111 . It is only used when classifying broken pieces. A bladelet is a small blade. Within each industrial complex, a blade/bladelet limit can be established and quantified. This has been attempted by one of the contributories, but only for the Epipalaeolithic of the 1 1 8 Maghreb . BLANK. Any element from which an object is knapped, shaped, flaked or retouched. It can be a nodule, a slab, a cobble, a debitage product, etc. BLUNTING. The alteration of an edge, rendering it less sharp. "The adjective blunt is vague, and does not provide any informa- 117 Bordes, 1961 : 6. ".../"5 / un ] éclat est allongé, de telle manière que sa longueur soit deux fois, ou plus, supérieure à sa largeur, on a affaire à une lame. [...] Certains auteurs, principalement de langue anglaise, distinguent entre lames vraies et éclats laminaires. La lame vraie porterait sur sa face supérieure la trace d'enlèvements antérieurs parallèles et aurait également des bords plus ou moins parallèles. Cette distinction, en théorie parfaitement valable, est souvent difficile à faire dans la pratique et nous ne la retiendrons pas". 118 Tixier, 1963 : 36-39, and see p. 71. tion about the causes that produced this surface condition. This general term applies when no particular detail can be detected by superficial observation on the new surface" 119 . BREAK. A general term, which makes no assumptions as to the causes of breakage, whether intentional or not (see fracture). BULB. A more or less pronounced conchoidal relief, which develops on the lower face of a flake, radiating from the point where percussion or pressure is applied. It can be preceded by a cone, but only in the case of Hertzian fractures. The bulb results from the propagation of the fractur e front , when the flake is detached. It can be double or even triple, and can show bul b scar s (fig. 5). BULB SCARS . This kind of mark can be observed on a bulb or on a negative bulb. It corresponds to the formation of a secondary 120 or parasitical flake, which is 119 Dauvois, 1976 : 211. "L
produced at the very moment the flake breaks off (fig. 6). BURIN BLOW TECHNIQUE. This is a particular retouch technique (p. 84). The term "burin blow" was probably coined by H. Breuil 121 , and was defined by M. Bour- 1 2 2 lon as that which "describes the action of making burin facets". A facet (fig. 60) is obtained through the removal, by pressure or percussion, of a buri n spal l (fig. 61) from a flake, blade, or bladelet, which may or not have been previously prepared to this end. The tip of a burin is therefore formed by the meeting of at least one burin facet with any surface liable to be used as a striking (or pressure) platform for the burin blow (fig. 58), such as : - flat surfaces or unretouched edges (dihedral burins): cortex, unretouched surfaces, breaks... - surfaces obtained by retouching : truncation, retouched edge, back, notch... - surfaces obtained by special techniques : intentional fracture, Clactonian notch, piquant-triedre, other burin facets, in which latter case the first of the two facets (at least) of these (dihedral) burins can be made by starting either from an unretouched edge or from a truncation; the second burin blow removes the truncation and yields a prepared spall (a more reliable method, perhaps). A burin on a retouched edge may therefore represent but an early stage in the manufacturing process, before further modifications. Any classification is possible, depending on the criteria given precedence to : the combinations of surfaces, the positions relative to the morphological axis of the blank, to its debitage axis, etc. (fig. 59). BURIN FACET . This refers to the negative surface created by the removal of a burin spall. A single facet can result from several previous spalls, a single burin blow can remove several spalls and form one or more facets. The angle of a facet can vary in relation to the faces of the blank. Rarely situated on the upper face, it can be perpendicular to the lower face (fig. 60 : 1), lightly angled 121 Breuil, 1909. 122 Bourlon, 1911 . "désigne l'action de fabriquer les pans d'un burin". 132 (fig. 60 : 2) or sharply angled, almost parallel to the lower face (fig. 60 : 3); the burin is then said to be plan. BURIN SPALL. Part of a blank that has been detached by the buri n blo w technique . Unretouched, it presents all the characterisitics of a flake, in the broader sense of the term (fig. 61). Conventionally, these objects have long been called "burin blow bladelets". However, in 1954, E.-G. 1 2 3 Gobert rightly pointed out that they are not always bladelets. "They do not possess the two cutting edges of bladelets". When referring to the fragments struck off from burins during their manufacture or sharpening, the expression "burin spall", or simply "spall", is therefore more appropriate. The term sharpening spall (see below) is restricted to the spalls created by the sharpening process; that is, to those fragments struck off from the same edge, after the first burin spall. - Primar y spall s : the spall produced by the first burin blow usually has a triangular cross-section if it removes an unmodified portion of the edge. When the edge of the blank has undergone preparation, the cross-section is trapezoidal. By regularizing the edge, this method allows the removal to split off more smoothly. In this case, the removals associated with the preparation can obviously never concern the lower face of the spall, which is then referred to as being "prepared". Special attention should be paid to these objects, as they can be mistaken for backed bladelets through failing to check that the lower face is absolutely unretouched (fig. 61 : 8, 9). - Sharpenin g spall s : a sharpening spall can be identified by the presence of at least one earlier burin facet on its upper face. If the order of burin blows can be determined from the spalls (which is not always the case), then the second spall is the first sharpening spall, the third spall is the second sharpening spall, and so on (fig. 61 : 2, 3). - Plungin g spall s : the plunging of spalls is a frequent accident. It occurs when the 123 Gobert, 1954 : 447, note 2 and fig. 2. "Elles n'ont pas les deux tranchants des lamelles ".
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Technology and Terminology of Knapp
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In the same collection Préhistoire
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Authors Marie-Louise Inizan*, Mich
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Chapter 4 : Debitage 59 The core De
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List o f illustration s Fig. 1 Raw
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Foreword Many students and research
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Why? Technology has its place withi
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In blade debitage 17 , for instance
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Chapter 1 Raw material s Knapped ha
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2. Knappin g suitability o f hard r
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• A single block of raw material
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Raw material procuremen t strategie
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unmodified block roughed ou t or pr
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Knapping, shaping, flaking, retouch
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could not be reached with such othe
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ipples, hackles (see p. 142). Parad
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• Languette 31 breaks occurring o
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- distinguish intentional from unin
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Fig. 9 — Blade debitage carried o
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Chapter 3 Shaping We use the term s
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to another in the course of roughin
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Fig. 13 — Example of bifacial sha
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aspects be from now on taken into c
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Polyhedral and spheroidal shaping a
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Fig. 18 — Preforms. 1 : experimen
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(fig. 18 : 3), using indirect percu
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As a rule, the part played by shapi
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study should not be dissociated fro
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Fig. 21 62 1 — Relatively simple
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Fig. 22 — Volumetric representati
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66 Fig. 23 — Levallois debitage o
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1. Recurrent unipolar Levallois met
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0 1 2 3 9 Fig. 26 — Various examp
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72 Fig. 28 — Phonolite cleaver on
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In the repeated production of blade
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Indirect percussion Strangely enoug
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Fig. 31 — Pressure debitage of bl
Page 81 and 82: method was invented in a Sibero-Mon
Page 83 and 84: These seven characteristics, as wel
Page 85 and 86: If the microburin blow has removed
Page 87 and 88: Fig. 34 — Various examples of spe
Page 90 and 91: Chapter 6 Technology a s a means to
Page 92 and 93: 1. Observation o f surface conditio
Page 94 and 95: 3. Framework fo r th e readin g o f
Page 96 and 97: Fig. 36 — Refitting. Centripetal
Page 98 and 99: hammer, the stability of the core o
Page 100 and 101: Only the major milestones in the co
Page 102 and 103: Chapter 7 0 I ~"~2 3 4 o Graphic re
Page 104 and 105: 103 Fig. 37 — Acheulean handaxe,
Page 106 and 107: Fig. 39 — Pressure-flaked bladele
Page 108 and 109: Fig. 41 — Examples of orientation
Page 110 and 111: 1 I Fig. 43 — Two layouts of view
Page 112 and 113: 4. Graphi c desig n an d techniqu e
Page 114 and 115: Fig. 46 — Tracing the outline and
Page 116 and 117: Fig. 47 — Uncompleted laurel leaf
Page 118 and 119: Fig. 48 — Graphical treatment of
Page 120 and 121: Fig. 50 — Large convex Mousterian
Page 122 and 123: 6. Symbol s Although multiple views
Page 124 and 125: Clean breaks are indicated by two s
Page 126 and 127: Fig. 54 — Schematic representatio
Page 128: indicated by numbered arrows. The p
Page 131: ANVIL. A block of relatively hard s
Page 135 and 136: Fig. 60 — Inclination of a burin
Page 137 and 138: Fig. 62 — Various types of butts.
Page 139 and 140: If the morphology of the raw materi
Page 141 and 142: 7 8 9 11 1 2 13 1 4 1 5 Fig. 65 —
Page 143 and 144: - or from a cobble, a slab, a core,
Page 145 and 146: INVERSE. A term defining a position
Page 147 and 148: distinguish the types of certain to
Page 149 and 150: Fig. 72 — The stone-knapper's set
Page 151 and 152: 5 Fig. 74 — Various examples of p
Page 153 and 154: 1 2 3 Fig. 75 — Position of remov
Page 155 and 156: 0 1 cm Fig. 78 — Proximal fragmen
Page 157 and 158: conventionally applied to "the fash
Page 160 and 161: AKAZAWA T., ODA S., YAMANAKA I. 198
Page 162 and 163: CRABTREE D.E. 1966 A stone worker's
Page 164 and 165: LAPLACE G. 1964 Essai de typologie
Page 166 and 167: SEMENOV S. A. 1964 Prehistoric tech
Page 168: Multilingual vocabulary
Page 171 and 172: pressure platfor m : proximal: f i
Page 173 and 174: ENGLISH : FRENCH abrasion : abrasio
Page 175 and 176: Levallois (méthode, éclat, etc.)
Page 177 and 178: punctiform : punktförmi g refittin
Page 179 and 180: ENGLISH : GREEK translated by A. Mo
Page 181 and 182: epiklinήV (epexergasίa) : low ang
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punch : punzone punctiform : puntif
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ENGLISH : PORTUGUESE translated by
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face : fac e faceta: buri n face t
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pressure platform : plano de presi
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