A guide for planners and managers - IUCN

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x MARINE AND COASTAL PROTECTED AREAS theory, science and policy surrounding MPAs and the vast quantity of new practical experience (largely embodied in the gray literature). In revising this book, we have accessed some of the least accessible techniques and practices, many of which remain unpublished. One new trend is important—the emphasis on community participation mechanisms. Also, there have been major advances in the last two decades on the challenge of sustainability of MPAs through innovative financing mechanisms, partnerships with the private sector and NGOs, and collaborative management between government and coastal communities. These advances have brought along with them new approaches for MPA establishment and management that are more participatory, involving communities through interaction and collaboration rather than prescription. While it has become popular to write about participatory and collaborative management, we are still testing and refining different approaches. We may need ten more years in most cases before we can separate reality from easy optimism and say that one or another approach is a real success. This applies especially to the emerging field of collaborative management—partnership between government and communities, NGOs and/or the private sector (especially those concerned with tourism). In the search for published material to use in the first edition of this book, it soon became apparent that relevant publications on planning and managing marine and coastal protected areas were scarce. There are more today. In the early 1980’s, the MPA creation and management field was new and evolving with few tested practical tools and little to publish. As a result, the book drew heavily on personal experience and displayed a strong bias toward personal styles of approach. These days we are blessed with a wider variety of published materials and tools, but there still exists a deficit of tested, proven, practical results, particularly in collaborative management. So again, the personal experiences of the authors tend to influence the book. This is a book for practitioners in tropical countries. It is meant to complement modern texts covering policy aspects of MPA selection and design by providing approaches and tools for everyday application at field sites. Until the modern theories are tried, tested, refined, proven, and generally absorbed into everyday practice, there will always be the need for approaches that get results on the ground. Given the urgency to act now and safeguard what we have before it is lost, we need to lock up what we can in conservation and to strive over the longer term for perfection. Practitioners who see their reefs being blasted apart, their mangroves being cut, their beaches and dunes eroding, their coastal wetlands being clogged with silt, or their MPA boundaries being ignored or encroached upon often make the same remark: “We need to do something now to safeguard what we have, based on the best available information.” That “something” often means “We need to engage the stakeholders (communities, private sector, tourism industry, government) and work
Preface with them to achieve compliance with our programme and its objectives, and we need to do it fast.” It is to this audience that we are attempting to cater: to give the practitioner in a tropical country some very basic approaches and tools to take those immediate first steps. Rodney V. Salm and John R. Clark xi
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Selection of Marine Protected Areas
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PART I Selection of Marine Protecte
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Table I-3. Model Habitat/Ecosystem
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4.5 Social Criteria Social and cult
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Institutional and Legal Framework M
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6.2 Diagnosis PART I Institutional
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Box I-16. Historical Rights PART I
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PART I Institutional and Legal Fram
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Box I-17. Funding MPAs through “B
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Protected Areas for Coral Reefs Cor
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PART II Protected Areas for Coral R
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FIGURE II-4. PART II Protected Area
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into the sea (Salm, 1981a). After t
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1.4 Global Status of Coral Reef Pro
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Mangroves, lagoons, Introduce disso
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Protected Areas for Lagoons and Est
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PART II Protected Areas for Lagoons
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Wetlands provide opportunities for
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Pollution can be very serious, caus
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2.8 General Information Needs PART
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- Management plans for lagoons/estu
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Review of Highlights of the Case Hi
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PART III Case Histories of Marine P
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Negative lessons learned: High comm
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Background PART III Case Histories
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The start of the SMMA PART III Case
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Establishment of Ngeruangel Reserve
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Problem PART III Case Histories of
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The Initial Process PART III Case H
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1. Involving women in assessment an
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PART IV References Agardy, T.S. Mar
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PART IV References Saenger, P., E.
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