A guide for planners and managers - IUCN

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94 MARINE AND COASTAL PROTECTED AREAS 1. Urgency: the degree to which immediate action must be taken, lest values within the area be transformed or lost. But lack of urgency should not necessarily be given a lower rating since it is often best, and least costly, to protect well in advance of the threat. 2. Size: which and how much of various habitats need to be included in the protected area. Size is an important factor in designing protected areas. It has often been overlooked in the design process, resulting in severe degradation, even total destruction, of protected areas. The protected area must be large enough to function as an ecological unit to receive a high rating. 3. Degree of threat: present and potential threats from direct exploitation and development projects. The farther the protected area is from potential sources of accidental poisoning (such as large ports or petroleum deposits) the better are the survival prospects of species and communities. However, if an important habitat is severely threatened, it may be important to implement an urgent management plan to reduce the threats to tolerable levels. 4. Effectiveness: the feasibility of implementing a management programme. A site that satisfies many criteria, but cannot be adequately managed (i.e., monitored, patrolled and defended) is not of much use. Higher ratings should go to sites that are more manageable. 5. Opportunism: the degree to which existing conditions or actions already under way or a ground swell of popular support may justify further action. However, extension of an established protected area should have a higher rating. 6. Availability: the degree to which the area is available for acquisition or can be managed satisfactorily by agreement with the owners or custodians. The problem of individual tenure rarely applies to the sea. Beaches also often belong to the central or provincial government. Thus, acquisition of aquatic areas, wetlands, and seashores may not be necessary. However, adjacent lands and islands may be privately owned or leased. Generally, to secure long-term control over these areas, the title or lease will need to be bought from current owners. Higher ratings should go to areas owned by state or national governments. 7. Restorability: the degree to which the area may be returned to its former natural state. Areas that can increase in productivity or value to important species and processes should receive higher ratings. As an example: practical reality gives high prominence to these criteria and numbers 1, 3, 5 and 6 are often determinants of site selection and establishment. Low values for criteria 2-4, 6 and 7 may often argue against the selection of a particular site. Although they can be useful, criteria often simply show what is intuitively obvious. Often their greatest benefit is that they allow us to justify what we already
PART I Selection of Marine Protected Areas know and to build up a case for proposed site selection or zoning plans. Rigorous application and quantification of criteria generally does not apply in sparsely populated areas. However, this is important near urban centers and fishing communities where existing uses would be displaced or modified to suit new objectives. 95
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Marine and Coastal Protected Areas
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The designation of geographical ent
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viii MARINE AND COASTAL PROTECTED A
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x MARINE AND COASTAL PROTECTED AREA
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Acknowledgements This book largely
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Table of contents Part I Creating M
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Table of Contents 4.6 Economic Crit
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Table of Contents Review of Highlig
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2 MARINE AND COASTAL PROTECTED AREA
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10 MARINE AND COASTAL PROTECTED ARE
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The Roles of Protected Areas Marine
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PART I The Roles of Protected Areas
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Box I-1. Ecosystem Conservation: La
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harvest of edible resources (e.g.,
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Photo by R. Salm. PART I The Roles
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PART I Institutional and Legal Fram
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Protected Areas for Coral Reefs Cor
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PART II Protected Areas for Coral R
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FIGURE II-4. PART II Protected Area
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into the sea (Salm, 1981a). After t
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1.4 Global Status of Coral Reef Pro
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Table II-4: Diversity of Corals on
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Mangroves, lagoons, Introduce disso
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Protected Areas for Lagoons and Est
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PART II Protected Areas for Lagoons
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Wetlands provide opportunities for
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Pollution can be very serious, caus
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2.8 General Information Needs PART
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- Management plans for lagoons/estu
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Review of Highlights of the Case Hi
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PART III Case Histories of Marine P
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Box III-1. The Relationship between
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Negative lessons learned: High comm
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Background PART III Case Histories
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The start of the SMMA PART III Case
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Establishment of Ngeruangel Reserve
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Problem PART III Case Histories of
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The Initial Process PART III Case H
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1. Involving women in assessment an
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PART IV References Agardy, T.S. Mar
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PART IV References Davis-Case, D. 1
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PART IV References Hamilton, L. S.,
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PART IV References McNeely, J.A. 19
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PART IV References Saenger, P., E.
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PART IV References Terborgh, J. 197
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A guide for planners and managers - IUCN

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