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298 MARINE AND COASTAL PROTECTED AREAS management implications. World Bank Research Committee Project #RPO 681-05 report, LAC Unit, World Bank, Washington DC, 83 pp. Gustavson, K.R. 1998. Values associated with the local use of the Montego Bay Marine Park, Marine system valuation: An application to coral reefs in the developing tropics. World Bank Research Committee Project #RPO 681-05, Washington, DC. Gustavson, K.R.(ed). 1999. Decision Support Modelling for the Integrated Coastal Zone Management of Coral Reefs in the Developing Tropics. Washington, DC: The World Bank.. Hitchman, N.D.S. 1997. Eutrophication: The death angel covering coral reefs in Montego Bay, Jamaica. B.A. Honors Thesis, Environmental Science and Public Policy, Harvard-Radcliffe Colleges, Cambridge, MA Huber, R. M. and S.C. Jameson. 1999a. Montego Bay, Jamaica: A case study in public-private partnerships for pollution prevention and management of a valuable coral reef ecosystem. Tropical Coasts 5(6) and 6(1):22-27, Manila, Philippines. Huber R. M. and S.C. Jameson 1999b. Integrated coastal zone management in the Tropical Americas and the role of decision support models. In: Gustavson, K.R. (ed.) Decision support modelling for the integrated coastal zone of coral reefs in the developing tropics. TheWorld Bank, Washington, DC. Hughes, T.P. 1994. Catastrophes, phase-shifts, and large-scale degradation of a Caribbean coral reef. Science 265:1547-1551. Jameson, S.C., McManus, J.W. and M.D. Spalding. 1995. State of the Reefs: Regional and Global Perspectives. International Coral Reef Initiative, US Dept of State, Washington, D.C. Jameson, S.C. and J.H. Williams. 1999. Local needs and interventions for management of coral reefs in the developing Tropical Americas—the Montego Bay Marine Park Case Study. In: Gustavson, K.R. (ed.). Decision Support Modelling for the Integrated Coastal Zone Management of Coral Reefs in the Developing Tropics. The World Bank, Washington, D.C. Johnson, J. 1998. Tourism in Jamaica: An economic analysis of 1997. Prepared for the Jamaica Tourist Board, Pacific Analysis Inc., Victoria, BC, Canada. Maslow, A.H. 1954. Motivation and Personality. 2d ed., Harper & Row, New York. Maslow, A.H. 1968. Toward A Psychology of Being. D. Van Nostrand, New York. OAS. 1994. Economic analysis of tourism in Jamaica. Tech Rept. of the OAS National Programme of Technical Cooperation with the Jamaica Tourist Board and the Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Commerce, Department of Regional Development and Environment Executive Secretariat, Organization of American States, Washington, D.C. Sullivan, K.M. and M. Chiappone. 1994. Rapid ecological assessment of the Montego Bay Marine Park. The Nature Conservancy Arlington, VA, 86 pp. Taylor, F.F. 1993. To hell with paradise: A history of the Jamaican tourist industry. University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, PA. Woodley JD (1995) Tropical Americas regional report on the issues and activities associate with coral reefs and associated ecosystems. International Coral Reef Initiative Regional Report, Centre for Marine Sciences, Univ. of West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica, 64 pp. Sources: Stephen C. Jameson, Coral Seas Inc—Integrated Coastal Zone Management, 4254 Hungry Run Road, The Plains, VA 20198-1715 and Jill H. Williams, Executive Director, Montego Bay Marine Park Trust, Pier 1, Howard Cooke Blvd., Montego Bay, Jamaica. E-Mail Contact: sjameson@coralseas.com and jill@n5.com.jm
PART III Case Histories of Marine Protected Areas 13. Ngeruangel Atoll in Palau, Micronesia: Community Management Marine protected areas in Palau The Republic of Palau in western Micronesia has a long history of marine protected areas. The Ngerukewid Islands Wildlife Preserve, established under the US-administered Trust Territory government in 1956, is one of the oldest formal marine protected areas in the region. The nation of Palau, however, has had a somewhat tortuous history of administration during the last century, having put in place, after a succession of colonial governments, its constitutional government only in 1981. Until 1994 Palau was part of the UN-mandated and US-administrated Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, created at the close of World War II; US control was mostly severed in 1994 when Palau became an independent nation in “free association” with the US. Palau’s policies and laws with regard to the use and conservation of marine resources are accordingly very young and undergoing rapid evolution. Until 1994, for example, the management of marine resources, including management of its marine protected areas, was primarily undertaken by the national government. But in the last five years a dramatic upsurge in the exercise of authority at the community level has occurred, by both the local state governments and by traditional authorities (see Graham and Idechong, 1998). Since 1994, five new marine protected areas and one terrestrial area have been established, all at the community level, and most with only minimal support from the national government. One of these was Ngeruangel Reserve, the focus of this case study. The main Palau archipelago is quite varied geologically and ecologically. It includes a large, weathered volcanic island with developed fringing reefs and estuaries, a large lagoon to the south mostly enclosed by barrier reefs and containing hundreds of uplifted limestone islands world-renowned as the “Rock Islands,” and two larger uplifted limestone islands to the south. The country also includes a scattered group of six low limestone islands several hundred miles to the southwest of the main archipelago. Ngeruangel is an uninhabited atoll of about 17 km 2 at the extreme northern end of the Palau archipelago (Figure III-12). It is part of Kayangel State, which includes the inhabited atoll of Kayangel and portions of a complex of reefs to 299
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Marine and Coastal Protected Areas
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The designation of geographical ent
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Acknowledgements This book largely
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Table of contents Part I Creating M
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Table of Contents 4.6 Economic Crit
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Table of Contents Review of Highlig
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The Roles of Protected Areas Marine
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PART I The Roles of Protected Areas
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Box I-1. Ecosystem Conservation: La
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harvest of edible resources (e.g.,
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Selection of Marine Protected Areas
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PART I Selection of Marine Protecte
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Table I-3. Model Habitat/Ecosystem
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4.5 Social Criteria Social and cult
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4.6 Economic Criteria Economic bene
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Box I-16. Historical Rights PART I
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Box I-17. Funding MPAs through “B
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Protected Areas for Coral Reefs Cor
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1.4 Global Status of Coral Reef Pro
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Protected Areas for Lagoons and Est
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PART II Protected Areas for Lagoons
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Wetlands provide opportunities for
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Review of Highlights of the Case Hi
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1. Involving women in assessment an
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PART IV References Agardy, T.S. Mar
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PART IV References Davis-Case, D. 1
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PART IV References Saenger, P., E.
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