A guide for planners and managers - IUCN

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210 MARINE AND COASTAL PROTECTED AREAS Photo by John Clark. FIGURE II-27. Seaweed farming is a major industry at Nain Island in the Bunaken National Marine Park, Indonesia. Those interested in conservation of islands should be alert to opportunities for regional cooperation in historically uninhabited or seasonally inhabited islands. Consistent with unclos (see section 1-6) such cooperation can reduce the potential for conflict, through the establishment on trans-boundary Peace Parks. 3.1 An Overview of Islands Two important principles for protecting island habitats are: first, to establish upper limits for their permanent human populations, and for tourists where possible; and second, to integrate protected habitats into the economy of the islanders so that they have a vested interest in protecting and conserving habitats and resources. This integration may entail various forms of exploitation, such as tourist viewing of wildlife or scenery, or taking of fish, seabirds, or other native biota. Alternatively, it may provide helpful services, such as water catchment and stabilization of steep slopes in forested areas, or beach and anchorage protection by coral reefs. According to the classic work of Alfred Russell Wallace (1880), islands have been considered either “oceanic” or “continental.” Oceanic islands are volcanic or coralline, with few exceptions (e.g., the granite islands of Seychelles). They are separated from continents, and usually from one another, by deep water and have never been connected by land to any continent, or, as is the case in Seychelles, have been separated for more than 100 million years. They have therefore recruited their native floras and faunas by overseas dispersal. Most oceanic islands are of mid-Tertiary age (35 million years B.P.) or younger, having formed since the continents became arranged more or less as they are now, and the oceans began to reach their present configurations. Many are now extremely remote from all other lands. Table II-13 compares some of the major features of oceanic and continental islands and continents as they affect the size, stability, and human use of their native
Table II-13. Characteristics of Oceanic and Continental Islands as Compared to Continents Oceanic islands Continental Islands Geographical Characteristics Continents Remote from continents Close to continents – Bounded by wide seas Bounded in part by narrow seas – Small areas Large or small areas Very large areas Equable air temperatures Less equable air temperatures Often very large seasonal and/or diurnal Climates often unlike those of nearest mainland Climates similar to nearest continents temperature ranges Geological Characteristics Volcanic or coralline generally Sedimentary or metamorphic Sedimentary, metamorphic or igneous Mid-Tertiary or younger Young or old Young or old Few valuable minerals Some minerals Minerals Permeable soils Various soils Various soils Biological Characteristics Impoverished overall biodiversity Less impoverished biodiversity Broad range of biodiversity High turnover of species Lower species turnover Usually low species turnover Mass breeding of marine vertebrates Often mass breeding of marine vertebrates Few marine vertebrates breeding ashore Morphologically and anatomically primitive leaf Normal and primitive leaf anatomy Normal and primitive leaf anatomy structure of endemic species Historical Characteristics Late discovery by humans Often early discovery Early or late discovery and settlement Recent settlement Early or late settlement by humans Economic Characteristics Few terrestrial resources Wider range of terrestrial resources Wide range of terrestrial resources Marine resources important Marine resources important Marine resources often unimportant Distant from major markets Nearer to large markets Markets relatively accessible Source: Wace (1982). PART II Protected Areas for Small Islands 211
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Marine and Coastal Protected Areas
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The designation of geographical ent
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viii MARINE AND COASTAL PROTECTED A
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x MARINE AND COASTAL PROTECTED AREA
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Acknowledgements This book largely
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Table of contents Part I Creating M
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Table of Contents 4.6 Economic Crit
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Table of Contents Review of Highlig
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2 MARINE AND COASTAL PROTECTED AREA
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10 MARINE AND COASTAL PROTECTED ARE
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The Roles of Protected Areas Marine
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PART I The Roles of Protected Areas
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Box I-1. Ecosystem Conservation: La
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harvest of edible resources (e.g.,
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Photo by R. Salm. PART I The Roles
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Selection of Marine Protected Areas
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PART I Selection of Marine Protecte
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Table I-3. Model Habitat/Ecosystem
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4.5 Social Criteria Social and cult
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4.6 Economic Criteria Economic bene
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100 MARINE AND COASTAL PROTECTED AR
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Institutional and Legal Framework M
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6.2 Diagnosis PART I Institutional
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Box I-16. Historical Rights PART I
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PART I Institutional and Legal Fram
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Box I-17. Funding MPAs through “B
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Box I-19: The Galapagos Ley Especia
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PART III Case Histories of Marine P
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Negative lessons learned: High comm
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Background PART III Case Histories
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The start of the SMMA PART III Case
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Establishment of Ngeruangel Reserve
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Problem PART III Case Histories of
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The Initial Process PART III Case H
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1. Involving women in assessment an
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PART IV References Agardy, T.S. Mar
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PART IV References Davis-Case, D. 1
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PART IV References Hamilton, L. S.,
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PART IV References McNeely, J.A. 19
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PART IV References Saenger, P., E.
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PART IV References Terborgh, J. 197
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A guide for planners and managers - IUCN

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