A guide for planners and managers - IUCN

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332 MARINE AND COASTAL PROTECTED AREAS Conclusions Turtles are particularly vulnerable during reproduction, and historically, overexploitation of eggs and breeding adults has probably been the most important factor in the demise of sea turtle populations. Thus, protection at the nesting beach may be the most critical component of any sea turtle conservation programme. But, marine turtles have complicated life cycles. As a turtle passes from one life history stage to another (egg, hatchling, juvenile, subadult and adult) it utilizes a series of habitat types which may be separated from each other by hundreds or thousands of kilometers (Musick & Limpus, 1997). Extinction is avoided when a turtle population maintains adequate rates of survival at all stages in the life cycle. To achieve this end, regional cooperation is essential. The involved states need to endorse and support international agreements and programmes that provide for coordinated species protection and MPA habitat conservation measures. Literature Cited Chan, E.H. 1993. The conservation-related biology and ecology of the leatherback turtle, Dermochelys coriacea, in Rantau Abang, Terengganu, Malaysia. Unpublished doctoral dissertation submitted to Kagoshima University. 150 pp. Chan, E.H. and Liew, H.C. 1996. Decline of the leatherback population in Terengganu, Malaysia, 1956- 1995. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 2(2):196-203. Chan, E.H., Liew, H.C. and Mazlan, A.G. 1988. The incidental capture of sea turtles in fishing gear in Terengganu, Malaysia. Biol. Conserv. 43:1-7. Chan, E.H., Eckert, S.A., Liew, H.C., and Eckert, K.L. 1991. Locating the internesting habitats of leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) in Malaysian waters using radiotelemetry. In: Uchiyama, A. And Amlaner, C.J. (Eds.). Biotelemetry XI: Proc. Eleventh International Symposium Biotelemetry, Yokohama, Japan, pp. 133-138. Chua, T.H. 1988. Nesting population and frequency of visits in Dermochelys coriacea in Malaysia. Journal of Herpetology 22(2): 192-207. Frazier, J. 1977. Marine turtles in the western Indian Ocean: British Indian Ocean Territory, Comores. Typescript. ii+33, vi+114 pp. Hendrickson, J.R. and Alfred, E.R. 1961. Nesting populations of sea turtles on the east coast of Malaya. Bull. Raffles Mus. 26:190-196. Jabatan Perikanan Terengganu. 1989. Kajian risikan kesan pukat penyu keatas penyu di negeri Terengganu. Kertas Bil. 3/89, Mesyuarat Majlis Penasihat Santuari Penyu, 20 Feb.1989, Kerajaan Negeri Terengganu. Limpus, C.J. 1992. The hawksbill turtle, Eretmochelys imbricata, in Queensland: population structure within a southern Great Barrier Reef feeding ground. Aust. Wildl. Res. 19:489-506. Mortimer, J.A. 1984. Marine Turtles in the Republic of Seychelles: Status and Management. Publication of the IUCN Conservation Library: Gland, Switzerland. 80 pp.+ 4pl. Mortimer, J.A. 1989. Threats to the Survival of Terengganu’s Sea Turtles and a Review of Management Options. Report to the Turtles Sanctuary Advisory Council of Terengganu and WWF/Malaysia, July 1989. 21 pp. Mortimer, J.A. 1991. Marine turtle conservation in Malaysia. Pp. 21-24, in Richardson, T.H., Richardson, J.I., Donnelly, M. (Compilers). Proceedings of the 10th Annual Workshop on Sea Turtle Research and Conservation. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-SEFC-278. Mortimer, J.A. 1995. Teaching Critical Concepts for the Conservation of Sea Turtles. Marine Turtle Newslet. 71:1-4. Mortimer, J.A. 1999. World’s first turtle shell stockpile to go up in flames as Miss World 1998 contestants look on. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 3(2): 376-377.
PART III Case Histories of Marine Protected Areas Mortimer, J.A. and Balazs, G. in press. Post-nesting migrations of hawksbill turtles in Seychelles and implications for conservation. Proceedings of the 19th Annual Sea Turtle Symposium. South Padre Island, Texas. Mortimer, J.A. and Bresson, R. 1999. Temporal distribution and periodicity in hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) nesting at Cousin Island, Republic of Seychelles, 1971-1997. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 3(2): 318-325. Mortimer, J.A. and Bresson, R. 1994. The hawksbill nesting population at Cousin Island, Republic of Seychelles: 1971-72 to 1991-92. Pp. 115-118, in Schroeder, B.A. and Witherington, B.E. (compilers). Proceedings of the 13th Annual Symposium on Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-SEFSC-341. Mortimer, J.A. and Broderick, D. 1999. Population genetic structure and developmental migrations of sea turtles in the Chagos Archipelago and adjacent regions inferred from mtDNA sequence variation. Pp. 185-194, in Sheppard, CRC and Seaward, MRD (eds). The Chagos Archipelago. Linnean Society London. Occasional Publications. Mortimer, J.A. and Day, M. 1999. Sea turtle populations and habitats in the Chagos Archipelago. Pp. 159-172, in Sheppard, CRC and Seaward, MRD (eds). The Chagos Archipelago. Linnean Society London. Occasional Publications. Musick, J.A. and Limpus, C.J. 1997. Habitat utilization and migration in juvenile sea turtles. Pp. 137-163, in Lutz, P.L. and Musick, J.A. (Eds.). The Biology of Sea Turtles. CRC Press, New York. Siow, K.T. and Moll, E.O. 1982. Status and conservation of estuarine and sea turtles in West Malaysian waters. In: Bjorndal, K.A. (Ed.). Biology and Conservation of Sea Turtles. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., pp. 339-348. Siti, K.D. and de Silva, M.W.R.N. 1985. Survey of turtle nesting sites in the Chukai-Rantau Abang coastline in Terengganu. Report submitted to ESSO Production Malaysia Inc., Universiti Pertanian Malaysia. Spotila, J.R., Dunham, A.E., Leslie, A.J., Steyerwark, A.C., Plotkin, P.T. and Paladino, F.V. 1996. Worldwide population decline of Dermochelys coriacea: are leatherback turtles going extinct? Chelonian Conservation and Biology 2(2):209-222. Stoddart, D.R. 1971. Settlement and development of Diego Garcia. In: Stoddart, D.R., Taylor, J.D. (Eds). Geography and Ecology of Diego Garcia Atoll, Chagos Archipelago. Atoll Research Bulletin 149:209- 217. Wyatt-Smith, J. 1960. The conservation of the leathery turtle, Dermochelys coriacea. Malayan Nature Journal 14: 194-199. Source: Dr. Jeanne A. Mortimer, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. E-Mail Contact: jmort@nersp.nerdc.ufl.edu 333
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Marine and Coastal Protected Areas
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The designation of geographical ent
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viii MARINE AND COASTAL PROTECTED A
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x MARINE AND COASTAL PROTECTED AREA
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Acknowledgements This book largely
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Table of contents Part I Creating M
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Table of Contents 4.6 Economic Crit
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Table of Contents Review of Highlig
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2 MARINE AND COASTAL PROTECTED AREA
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10 MARINE AND COASTAL PROTECTED ARE
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The Roles of Protected Areas Marine
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PART I The Roles of Protected Areas
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Box I-1. Ecosystem Conservation: La
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harvest of edible resources (e.g.,
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Photo by R. Salm. PART I The Roles
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Selection of Marine Protected Areas
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PART I Selection of Marine Protecte
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Table I-3. Model Habitat/Ecosystem
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4.5 Social Criteria Social and cult
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4.6 Economic Criteria Economic bene
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100 MARINE AND COASTAL PROTECTED AR
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Institutional and Legal Framework M
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6.2 Diagnosis PART I Institutional
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Box I-16. Historical Rights PART I
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PART I Institutional and Legal Fram
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Box I-17. Funding MPAs through “B
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Box I-19: The Galapagos Ley Especia
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Protected Areas for Coral Reefs Cor
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PART II Protected Areas for Coral R
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FIGURE II-4. PART II Protected Area
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into the sea (Salm, 1981a). After t
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1.4 Global Status of Coral Reef Pro
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Table II-4: Diversity of Corals on
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Mangroves, lagoons, Introduce disso
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Protected Areas for Lagoons and Est
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PART II Protected Areas for Lagoons
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Wetlands provide opportunities for
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Pollution can be very serious, caus
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2.8 General Information Needs PART
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- Management plans for lagoons/estu
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Review of Highlights of the Case Hi
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PART III Case Histories of Marine P
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Box III-1. The Relationship between
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Negative lessons learned: High comm
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Background PART III Case Histories
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