A guide for planners and managers - IUCN

into the sea (Salm, 1981a). After
the loss of reefs, sand is washed
into the sea to smother lagoon and
reef life. Islanders certainly cannot
afford to have the sand washed out
from beneath their feet.
Sediments from dredging
have killed portions of reefs off
Florida (Voss, 1973), Guam (Marsh
and Gordon, 1974), French Polynesia
(Salvat, 1974), and Indonesia
(Salm, 1982).
Sewage discharged near reefs
has killed corals in the U.S. Virgin
PART II
Protected Areas for Coral Reefs
Islands (Salvat, 1974, 1987b) and in parts of Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii, including those
in the protected area around Coconut Island (Banner, 1974; Marszalek, 1987), and
Florida (Marszalek, 1987). Thermal pollution from release of power plant cooling water
has destroyed reefs off Hawaii (Jokiel and Coles, 1974), and had both positive and
negative effects on corals elsewhere (Neudecker, 1987). Siltation by soil eroded from
inland deforestation and other development ruined coral reefs off Hawaii and
Indonesia (Salm, 1984) and St Lucia (Sladek Nowlis et al., 1997). Coral mining to meet
the demand for lime (particularly off Sri Lanka, India, Comores, and Indonesia) and
increased explosives fishing (particularly off Tanzania and throughout Southeast
Asia) are creating wastelands of once productive reefs (Guard, 1997; Guard and
Masaiganah, 1998; Salm, 1981a, 1983, 1984) (Figures II-7, II-8, & II-9). Chronic
pollution from oil and phosphate
FIGURE II-7.
fertilizer shipments killed a mile of
reef in a reserve at Eilat in the Red
Sea and has prevented the recovery
of reefs damaged by unusual
weather conditions (Loya, 1976;
Mitchell and Ducklow, 1976).
Goats, by their contribution
to dune erosion, were the major
threat to Mozambique’s southernmost
fringing reef off Inhaca
Island (Salm, 1976b), until the
dunes were stabilized and goats
kept away. Goats denuded dunes
at Ponta Torres, Inhaca Island,
which allowed the erosion of unconsolidated
sand by strong southerly
FIGURE II-6.
Cause and effect are well illustrated in this photograph. Piles of
coral mined from fringing reefs (upper left) lie behind a badly
eroded beach that was once protected by the reefs.
Lime production from coral at Kalkudah, Sri Lanka. First coral
fragments are sorted into groups of similar sizes; next they are
piled on firewood in the limekiln and stacked high; finally the
lime is sifted, bagged, and transported to building sites. This is a
process repeated at many places around the world.
167
Photo by T. Hoffmann.
Photo by R. Salm.