A guide for planners and managers - IUCN

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300 MARINE AND COASTAL PROTECTED AREAS the south. Kayangel has a resident community of about 180 people and is one of Palau’s 16 states. With the exception of Koror, Palau’s urban center, the states have small populations, typically only a few hundred people each, and a high degree and long history of social cohesiveness. In Palau, “states” and “communities” are essentially synonymous. FIGURE III-12. The island nation of Palau, its 16 states (in bold), and its protected areas (in italics). Ngeruangel is in the extreme north.
Establishment of Ngeruangel Reserve PART III Case Histories of Marine Protected Areas In 1996 the chiefly leadership of Kayangel exercised its age-old tradition of declaring bul (taboo or closure) over the entirety of Ngeruangel atoll. The bul on Ngeruangel was one of the boldest assertions of traditional authority in many years, and certainly so with regard to marine resources. (The traditional leaders of Palau never stopped exercising their authority, even though during Palau’s several colonial administrations, such power had diminished greatly.) The reasons for the bul were several. First, the community had become alarmed about the depletion of the resources of the area, particularly its reef fish, which were important for both subsistence and commercial purposes. A second, and perhaps more important, reason for the closure was that the community perceived it was losing control of the atoll and its resources to fishermen from other parts of Palau, particularly from the urban center of Koror. The remoteness of Ngeruangel and Palau’s other northern reefs resulted in fish resources that were abundant relative to those of most of the main Palau archipelago. These areas became increasingly attractive as fishing grounds to fishermen throughout the archipelago, particularly to commercial and recreational fishermen with fast and large boats, of which Palau saw a dramatic increase during the 1980s and 1990s as its economy grew. Ngeruangel is also attractive to sea turtle and seabird hunters. It has substantial seagrass feeding grounds and its rubble-andsand islet provides one of Palau’s most important nesting sites for the green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas), as well as for several species of seabirds. A third control-related concern for Kayangel’s chiefs was that traditionally, fishing at Ngeruangel was done by communal groups. But with fishermen becoming increasingly independent, more fishing was being conducted individually and not under the control of the chiefs. The degree of compliance with the bul was unclear. Kayangel residents probably respected the bul, but outside fishermen would be less compliant and also more difficult to apprehend. Moreover, they may have been politically difficult to censure, given the limited and localized authority of traditional leaders. In any case, the Kayangel chiefs requested that the local state government reinforce their bul with a state law, and the state did so in December, 1996. Under the law, Ngeruangel was closed to entry for three years, until December 1999, when use of the reserve would be controlled by a management plan, currently in preparation. Partnerships At the same time that concerns regarding Ngeruangel were growing in the Kayangel community, the national government, in partnership with the international nongovernmental organization, The Nature Conservancy (TNC), was undertaking a project aimed at developing a tourist-based inshore sportfishing industry in Palau. The project was centered at Palau’s northern reefs, where reef fish were most abundant. The aims of the project were to: 1) spread some of the benefits from Palau’s growing 301
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Marine and Coastal Protected Areas
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The designation of geographical ent
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viii MARINE AND COASTAL PROTECTED A
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x MARINE AND COASTAL PROTECTED AREA
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Acknowledgements This book largely
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Table of contents Part I Creating M
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Table of Contents 4.6 Economic Crit
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Table of Contents Review of Highlig
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2 MARINE AND COASTAL PROTECTED AREA
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10 MARINE AND COASTAL PROTECTED ARE
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The Roles of Protected Areas Marine
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PART I The Roles of Protected Areas
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Box I-1. Ecosystem Conservation: La
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harvest of edible resources (e.g.,
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Photo by R. Salm. PART I The Roles
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Selection of Marine Protected Areas
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PART I Selection of Marine Protecte
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Table I-3. Model Habitat/Ecosystem
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4.5 Social Criteria Social and cult
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4.6 Economic Criteria Economic bene
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Institutional and Legal Framework M
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6.2 Diagnosis PART I Institutional
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Box I-16. Historical Rights PART I
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PART I Institutional and Legal Fram
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Box I-17. Funding MPAs through “B
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Box I-19: The Galapagos Ley Especia
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Protected Areas for Coral Reefs Cor
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PART II Protected Areas for Coral R
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FIGURE II-4. PART II Protected Area
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into the sea (Salm, 1981a). After t
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1.4 Global Status of Coral Reef Pro
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Table II-4: Diversity of Corals on
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Mangroves, lagoons, Introduce disso
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Protected Areas for Lagoons and Est
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PART II Protected Areas for Lagoons
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Wetlands provide opportunities for
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Pollution can be very serious, caus
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2.8 General Information Needs PART
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- Management plans for lagoons/estu
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Review of Highlights of the Case Hi
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PART III Case Histories of Marine P
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Page 291 and 292: Negative lessons learned: High comm
Page 293 and 294: Background PART III Case Histories
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1. Involving women in assessment an
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PART IV References Agardy, T.S. Mar
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PART IV References Davis-Case, D. 1
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PART IV References Hamilton, L. S.,
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PART IV References McNeely, J.A. 19
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PART IV References Saenger, P., E.
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PART IV References Terborgh, J. 197
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A guide for planners and managers - IUCN

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