A guide for planners and managers - IUCN

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170 MARINE AND COASTAL PROTECTED AREAS Table II-1. Impacts of Commercial and Recreational Activities on Coral Reefs and Possible Management Responses Construction (tourist facilities, research facilities, navigation aids, etc.) Has immediate mechanical impact. May alter water flow around the reef and thus change a major ecological factor. May shade reef locally, reducing photosynthesis. May become a point source of pollution and littering. Should be the subject of prior environmental assessment. Anchor Damage Breaks or damages corals. Some designs, notably plough anchors, are particularly destructive. For small boats a sandbag can be an effective and relatively non-damaging temporary anchor. At intensively used reefs compulsory anchoring areas or compulsory moorings may be necessary. Diver Damage Almost all diving results in minor unintentional damage to corals and other reef biota; at frequently dived sites this damage can become significant and can lead to local loss of fragile species. On intensively used reefs periodic closure to allow recuperation of dive areas may be needed. Small Boat Damage Small boats and inexperienced boat handlers grounding on reefs can cause considerable physical damage to shallow areas, particularly at low tide. On intensively used reefs a system of designated boat channels and moorings to keep boats away from shallow, fragile areas may be necessary. Reef Walking Walking on reefs at low tide is a popular method of reef viewing that inevitably causes some physical damage. In areas with a highly developed cover of fragile corals, severe damage to corals can occur. Reef walking should be controlled and a system of periodic closure for recuperation may be necessary. Boulder Moving Reef walkers move or overturn boulders to view animals beneath them; if the boulders are not replaced these animals are likely to die. Boulder replacement is an essential element of education and interpretation. Shell collectors may use crowbars and hammers to break away pieces of reef when hunting shells. Boulder movement and damage to corals should be regulated. Conservation staff should supervise education and interpretation activities. Destructive shell collecting should be banned. Introduction of Species for Commercial Purposes Introduction of a commercially valuable species may offer temporary economic gain, but may have a substantial impact on the preexisting natural system by displacing original species from their earlier habitats and increasing competition for food. The need for and the environmental impacts of introductions should be carefully evaluated before they are permitted.
PART II Protected Areas for Coral Reefs Table II-2: Fishing and Collecting Activities on Coral Reefs and Possible Management Responses Collection of Corals and Shells by Tourists Should be discouraged. Collection of Corals and Shells for Commercial Purposes May be a sustainable small-scale fishery designed around strictly protected zones. Spearfishing Use of SCUBA for this purpose should not be permitted. Should be discouraged. Conflicts with underwater photography and fish watching. Collection of Aquarium Fishes Needs careful control. Can be a sustainable fishery. In time may be replaced by mariculture or rearing of postlarvae collected near reefs. Collection of Reef Materials (Coral, Sand, or Shell) for Construction Needs careful control. Unlikely to be a sustainable industry. Commercial Line Fishing Can deplete stocks of certain fishes (groupers, snappers, trigger fishes) and cause their local extinction. Generally compatible with reef conservation objectives if restricted to open waters off reefs. Needs careful control. Commercial Trawling Can cause severe local damage to non-target seabed communities and in particular to stocks of young fish. Can cause severe local physical modification to the structure of the seabed. Needs careful evaluation to determine a truly sustainable level. Fishing with Explosives Highly destructive to the reef structure and community. Should not be permitted under any circumstance. Fishing with Poison (including cyanide for the live reef fish trade) Highly destructive to the reef system. Use of “natural” poisons bears careful evaluation, but may be sustainable in stable traditional fisheries. Should not be introduced. Use of modern chemicals should not be permitted under any circumstance. Fishing with Nets Weighted seine nets, muro-ami and similar nets are highly destructive to corals and reef structure. Should not be permitted under any circumstance. Gill nets entangle corals and are destructive to reef structure, Catch non-target species, including dugongs and turtles. May be permissible in specific areas with careful control and monitoring. New Fishing Techniques Before being introduced, any new technique should be carefully evaluated to determine its ecological impact and sustainability. 171
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Marine and Coastal Protected Areas
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The designation of geographical ent
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viii MARINE AND COASTAL PROTECTED A
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x MARINE AND COASTAL PROTECTED AREA
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Acknowledgements This book largely
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Table of contents Part I Creating M
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Table of Contents 4.6 Economic Crit
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Table of Contents Review of Highlig
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10 MARINE AND COASTAL PROTECTED ARE
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The Roles of Protected Areas Marine
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PART I The Roles of Protected Areas
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Box I-1. Ecosystem Conservation: La
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harvest of edible resources (e.g.,
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Photo by R. Salm. PART I The Roles
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Selection of Marine Protected Areas
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PART I Selection of Marine Protecte
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Table I-3. Model Habitat/Ecosystem
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4.5 Social Criteria Social and cult
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4.6 Economic Criteria Economic bene
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100 MARINE AND COASTAL PROTECTED AR
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Review of Highlights of the Case Hi
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PART III Case Histories of Marine P
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Box III-1. The Relationship between
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Negative lessons learned: High comm
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Background PART III Case Histories
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The start of the SMMA PART III Case
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Establishment of Ngeruangel Reserve
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Problem PART III Case Histories of
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The Initial Process PART III Case H
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1. Involving women in assessment an
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PART IV References Agardy, T.S. Mar
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PART IV References Davis-Case, D. 1
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PART IV References Hamilton, L. S.,
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PART IV References McNeely, J.A. 19
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PART IV References Saenger, P., E.
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PART IV References Terborgh, J. 197
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A guide for planners and managers - IUCN

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