A guide for planners and managers - IUCN

More documents

Recommendations

Info

322 MARINE AND COASTAL PROTECTED AREAS as to include not only the channel, but also a well-marked and substantial buffer zone around it. Routine monitoring of the grouper aggregations has been introduced, coupled with much improved surveillance. Efforts are also being made to acquaint Palauans with the law and with the need for it. A year-round closure to fishing is also being considered, because recent research has shown that spawning is not limited to the four months of the original closure. Consideration is also being given to limiting access to the channel by recreational divers since they may disturb certain aggregating species. While Palau is still feeling its way towards optimum protection for this important reef fish spawning aggregation site, it is nevertheless well ahead of the rest of the Indo- Pacific in this regard and provides an example from which other countries can learn. (The small Micronesian state of Pohnpei has recently moved to protect its grouper spawning aggregations, apparently the only other state in the Indo-Pacific to do so). Nowhere throughout all of tropical Asia do important multi-species reef fish spawning aggregation sites appear to be protected. If one were to judge by the scientific literature, marine biologists doing research in the countries of Southeast Asia are rarely even aware of their existence—in striking contrast to the fishermen that harvest live fish. Why have the locations of important spawning aggregation sites almost never been taken into consideration when delineating MPAs in the Indo-Pacific, and why have other measures, such as closed seasons not been taken to protect them? Some fisheries managers say that they do not have adequate data to prove that the spawners are threatened. There are two responses to this: 1. Waiting for adequate data will, in many cases, mean waiting forever; there are vast areas of tropical nearshore waters where obtaining such data is impractical or too expensive, and will remain so indefinitely (Johannes, l998) 2. Where data have been collected, grouper (and snapper) suffer most; typically they are the first reef fish stocks to collapse in response to increasing fishing pressure. Under the circumstances, precautionary protection of reef fish spawning aggregations, via MPAs or other approaches, is not merely appropriate; it is vital. References Bentley, N. (in press) The exploitation and trade of live reef fish in South East Asia. A report for TRAFFIC South East Asia. Erdmann, M.V. and J.S. Pet. l999. Krismon & DFP: some observations on the effects of the Asian financial crisis on destructive fishing practices in Indonesia. SPC Live Reef Fish Information Bulletin 5: 22-26. Johannes, R. E. 1998. The case for data-less marine resource management: examples from tropical nearshore fisheries. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 13: 243-246.
PART III Case Histories of Marine Protected Areas Johannes, R. E. and M. Riepen. 1995. Environmental, economic and social implications of the live reef fish trade in Asia and the Western Pacific. Report to The Nature Conservancy and the Forum Fisheries Agency. 83 pp. Johannes, R.E., L. Squire, T. Graham, Y. Sadovy, and H. Renguul (1999) Spawning Aggregations of Groupers (Serranidae) in Palau. The Nature Conservancy Marine Conservation Research Series Publication #l. 144pp. Source: R.E. Johannes, R.E. Johannes Pty. Ltd., Bonnet Hill, Tasmania, Australia. E-Mail Contact: bobjoh@netspace.net.au 323
Page 3:
Marine and Coastal Protected Areas
Page 6 and 7:
The designation of geographical ent
Page 8 and 9:
viii MARINE AND COASTAL PROTECTED A
Page 10 and 11:
x MARINE AND COASTAL PROTECTED AREA
Page 13:
Acknowledgements This book largely
Page 17 and 18:
Table of contents Part I Creating M
Page 19 and 20:
Table of Contents 4.6 Economic Crit
Page 21:
Table of Contents Review of Highlig
Page 24 and 25:
2 MARINE AND COASTAL PROTECTED AREA
Page 26 and 27:
Page 28 and 29:
Page 30 and 31:
Page 32 and 33:
10 MARINE AND COASTAL PROTECTED ARE
Page 35 and 36:
The Roles of Protected Areas Marine
Page 37 and 38:
PART I The Roles of Protected Areas
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Box I-1. Ecosystem Conservation: La
Page 49 and 50:
harvest of edible resources (e.g.,
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53 and 54:
Photo by R. Salm. PART I The Roles
Page 55 and 56:
Page 57:
Page 60 and 61:
Page 62 and 63:
Page 64 and 65:
Page 66 and 67:
Page 68 and 69:
Page 70 and 71:
Page 72 and 73:
Page 74 and 75:
Page 76 and 77:
Page 78 and 79:
Page 80 and 81:
Page 82 and 83:
Page 84 and 85:
Page 86 and 87:
Page 88 and 89:
Page 90 and 91:
Page 92 and 93:
Page 94 and 95:
Page 96 and 97:
Page 98 and 99:
Page 100 and 101:
Page 103 and 104:
Selection of Marine Protected Areas
Page 105 and 106:
PART I Selection of Marine Protecte
Page 107 and 108:
Table I-3. Model Habitat/Ecosystem
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
4.5 Social Criteria Social and cult
Page 113 and 114:
4.6 Economic Criteria Economic bene
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117:
Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
100 MARINE AND COASTAL PROTECTED AR
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
Page 134 and 135:
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
Page 140 and 141:
Page 142 and 143:
Page 144 and 145:
Page 146 and 147:
Page 148 and 149:
Page 150 and 151:
Page 153 and 154:
Institutional and Legal Framework M
Page 155 and 156:
6.2 Diagnosis PART I Institutional
Page 157 and 158:
Box I-16. Historical Rights PART I
Page 159 and 160:
PART I Institutional and Legal Fram
Page 161 and 162:
Box I-17. Funding MPAs through “B
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Box I-19: The Galapagos Ley Especia
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179:
Page 183 and 184:
Protected Areas for Coral Reefs Cor
Page 185 and 186:
PART II Protected Areas for Coral R
Page 187 and 188:
FIGURE II-4. PART II Protected Area
Page 189 and 190:
into the sea (Salm, 1981a). After t
Page 191 and 192:
1.4 Global Status of Coral Reef Pro
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Table II-4: Diversity of Corals on
Page 199 and 200:
Mangroves, lagoons, Introduce disso
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Protected Areas for Lagoons and Est
Page 209 and 210:
PART II Protected Areas for Lagoons
Page 211 and 212:
Wetlands provide opportunities for
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Pollution can be very serious, caus
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
2.8 General Information Needs PART
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229:
- Management plans for lagoons/estu
Page 232 and 233:
Page 234 and 235:
Page 236 and 237:
Page 238 and 239:
Page 240 and 241:
Page 242 and 243:
Page 244 and 245:
Page 246 and 247:
Page 248 and 249:
Page 250 and 251:
Page 252 and 253:
Page 254 and 255:
Page 256 and 257:
Page 258 and 259:
Page 260 and 261:
Page 262 and 263:
Page 264 and 265:
Page 267 and 268:
Review of Highlights of the Case Hi
Page 269 and 270:
PART III Case Histories of Marine P
Page 271 and 272:
Box III-1. The Relationship between
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279 and 280:
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Page 291 and 292:
Negative lessons learned: High comm
Page 293 and 294: Background PART III Case Histories
Page 295 and 296: PART III Case Histories of Marine P
Page 307 and 308: The start of the SMMA PART III Case
Page 323 and 324: Establishment of Ngeruangel Reserve
Page 343: PART III Case Histories of Marine P
Page 361 and 362: Problem PART III Case Histories of
Page 371 and 372: The Initial Process PART III Case H
Page 377: 1. Involving women in assessment an
Page 381 and 382: PART IV References Agardy, T.S. Mar
Page 383 and 384: PART IV References Davis-Case, D. 1
Page 385 and 386: PART IV References Hamilton, L. S.,
Page 387 and 388: PART IV References McNeely, J.A. 19
Page 389 and 390: PART IV References Saenger, P., E.
Page 391 and 392: PART IV References Terborgh, J. 197
show all

A guide for planners and managers - IUCN

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?