A guide for planners and managers - IUCN

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290 MARINE AND COASTAL PROTECTED AREAS 10. Although established structures for review and revision were originally lacking, the SMMA management has managed to be adaptive. A current restructuring of the SMMA shows that in spite of the problems, feedback has been successfully channeled back to the operation. Without this the programme could have collapsed during the years 1996 and 1997. References George, Sarah (1994): Coastal Conflict Resolution: A Case Study of Soufriere, Saint Lucia. A report provided by Sarah George, Department of Fisheries, Castries, St. Lucia. 10 pp. and two appendices. Renard, Yves (1994): Soufriere Marine Management Area. Soufriere Regional Development Foundation. 25 pp. Renard, Yves (1998): The New SMMA. A report provided by the SMMA. Soufriere, St.Lucia. 2 pp. SMMA (1998): Conflict Resolution and Participatory Planning: The Case of Soufriere Marine Management Area. A report provided by the Soufriere Marine Management Area, Soufriere, St.Lucia. 16 pp. Soufriere Regional Development Foundation (1994): Agreement on the Use and Management of Marine and Coastal Resources in the Soufriere Region, St.Lucia. Soufriere, St.Lucia. 25 pp. Soufriere Regional Development Foundation (1994): Management Plan for the Soufriere Marine Management Area. Soufriere, St.Lucia. 9 pp. and eight appendices. Soufriere Regional Development Foundation (1995): Soufriere Marine Management Area. A brochure of the SMMA. Soufriere, St. Lucia. Wulf, K. (1999): Personal communication by Mr. Kai Wulf, the Manager of the SMMA. Source: Erkki Siirila, WWF Technical Advisor in the USAID-financed Environment and Coastal Resources (ENCORE) Project in St. Lucia in 1994-1996. E-Mail Contact: erkki.siirila@vyh.fi
PART III Case Histories of Marine Protected Areas 12. Montego Bay, Jamaica: A Marine Park Under NGO Management Environmental challenges Montego Bay is one of the Caribbean’s leading tourist centers (Taylor, 1993) and, largely as a result of this, has one of the most threatened near-shore coral reef ecosystems in the region (Hughes, 1994; Jameson et al., 1995; Jameson and Williams, 1999). Montego Bay Marine Park (the Park) is a mosaic of marine communities that includes seagrass beds, mangrove islands, beaches, and had some of Jamaica’s best coral reefs. The land is joined to the ocean through rivers, wetlands, and coastal watersheds. Jamaicans have benefited in the past from this ecosystem through the provision of fishes, conch and lobster. Montego Bay can be recalled as a scenic coastline with beautiful beaches, near-shore reefs, freshwater wetlands, and mangrove islands. Through tourism, the Park is the focal point of the economic and social health of Montego Bay and its environs. In Montego Bay, significant changes in land use and hydrology have been occurring for the past 500 years. Several events in the coastal ecosystem most likely had the largest impacts on marine communities: • The development of the Freeport and Seawind Island resort area by the filling in of mangrove forests and islands in 1967 and the reclamation of the entire waterfront area in the mid-1970s; • The change in drainage patterns and nutrient loading of coastal rivers and estuaries associated with a growing human population and inadequate infrastructure; • The bulkheading of coastlines, loss of coastal vegetation, and changes in the quality of storm-water runoff; and, • Natural impacts such as Hurricane Allen in 1980, Hurricane Gilbert in 1988 and the sea urchin (Diadema antillarum) die-off in 1983-84. Two watersheds drain into the Park—Great River and Montego River (Figure III-11). These carry the inland pollutants to the Park waters. Coastal mangroves, other wetland areas, and seagrass beds that provide breeding, feeding and nursery grounds 291
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Marine and Coastal Protected Areas
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The designation of geographical ent
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viii MARINE AND COASTAL PROTECTED A
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Acknowledgements This book largely
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Table of contents Part I Creating M
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Table of Contents 4.6 Economic Crit
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Table of Contents Review of Highlig
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10 MARINE AND COASTAL PROTECTED ARE
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The Roles of Protected Areas Marine
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PART I The Roles of Protected Areas
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Box I-1. Ecosystem Conservation: La
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harvest of edible resources (e.g.,
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Selection of Marine Protected Areas
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PART I Selection of Marine Protecte
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Table I-3. Model Habitat/Ecosystem
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4.5 Social Criteria Social and cult
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Institutional and Legal Framework M
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Box I-16. Historical Rights PART I
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PART I Institutional and Legal Fram
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Box I-17. Funding MPAs through “B
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Protected Areas for Coral Reefs Cor
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FIGURE II-4. PART II Protected Area
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into the sea (Salm, 1981a). After t
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1.4 Global Status of Coral Reef Pro
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Table II-4: Diversity of Corals on
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Protected Areas for Lagoons and Est
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PART II Protected Areas for Lagoons
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Pollution can be very serious, caus
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1. Involving women in assessment an
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PART IV References Agardy, T.S. Mar
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PART IV References Saenger, P., E.
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