manual: women workers' rights and gender equality - International ...

adequate performance of workers. Therefore the creation of a hostile working environment
is usually included in definitions of sexual harassment 7 .
Sexual harassment may take place between men and women but can also take place between
persons of the same sex. Because it often has to do with power relations the harasser often has a
higher status than the victim. This explains partly why so many women are a victim. Women are
concentrated in low-paid and low-status jobs. The majority is working in traditional ‘female’ jobs like
typists, secretaries, nurses, maids or has low-status jobs in factories. Women are vulnerable to
sexual harassment because of their low economic and social status.
Different forms of sexual harassment:
• sexual assault and rape at work
• physical harassment: including kissing, patting, pinching or touching in a sexual manner
• verbal harassment: such as unwelcome comments about a person’s appearance, private life or
body, insult and put-downs based on a person’s sex
• gestural harassment: sexually suggestive gestures, such as nods, winks, gestures with the
hands, fingers, legs or arms, licking of lips
• written or graphic harassment: sending pornographic pictures through e-mail, putting up pinups
or addressing unwanted love letters to an employee
• emotional harassment: behaviour which isolates, is discriminatory towards, or excludes a
person on the grounds of his or her sex
Examples of effects 8 :
For victims:
• Psychological and emotional disturbances, such as embarrassment, humiliation, disgust, low
self esteem, depression
• Fear of revenge
• Negative impact on personal life, for example, problems with family, friends, society and health
• Lower productivity and performance of the employee, for example absenteeism, medical leaves
and low confidence at work
For enterprises:
• Loss of income for the company
• Monetary fines, lawsuits
• Negative publicity and loss of company image
• Increase in the cost of labour, lower productivity, absenteeism because of decrease in
productivity and high turnover
• Unhealthy and unfriendly working environment
• No sense of belonging and loyalty of employee to the company
For society:
• Loss of capable and confident human resources
• Encourages sexual violence, rejection, fear, moral indecencies and very low respect and value
of life in society
• Negative changes in social traditions, norms and values
7 From: Action against sexual harassment at work in Asia and the Pacific by Nelien Haspels, Zaitun Mohamed Kasim,
Constance Thomas and Deirdre Mc Cann, Bangkok, ILO, 2001, p.17, p.147
8 Based on: Report on National Seminar on Action Against Sexual Harassment at Work, Malaysia, 2001, jointly
organized by Department of Labour, Ministry of Human Resources, Malaysia and International Labour Organization
Bangkok and Geneva Offices.
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