A biological study of Durvillaea antarctica (Chamisso) Hariot and D ...

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50 45 /" b WATER LOSS /0 EXPESSED AS A % OF 40 35 30 /0 25 20 TOTAL WATER CONTENT 15 G/ 10 5 ) ~ e / l1l , i i , i i , > , , 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 TIME (mills) Figure 4.7. Rates of water loss of D.w i llana (a) and D.antarcticq (b) lamina samples at 35°C.
101 CHAPTER FIVE MORPHOLOGY 5.1 INTRODUCTION Since Chamisso's 1822 account of D. antaY>CJtiea (as Pueus anta:t'eticuB), there have been fficmy descriptions of its external morphology. Previous tllorphologica.l info:t"ma.tion on D, wi llano is scarce, and the original descript.ion (Lindauer 1949) was inadequate. With few exceptions, previous workers failed to appreciate the high degree of morphological plasticity exhibited by the more widely distributed D. antarctica. This diversity is documented here for New Zealand populations, and an att~npt is made to relate this variation to certain physical and biological factors. The features most important in this respect are: overall plant size, the degree of subdivision of the lamina, the shape of the palmate region, the e,(tent of inflatory or honeycomb tiSSUe, stipe size (especially relative to the size of the lamina) and the shape and size of holdfasts. Anatomical studies made during the course of this investigation largely substantiated the earlier observations of Naylor (1949; 1953) and Herriott (1923), Remarks here are mainly restricted to points indicating discrepancies or additions to the published accounts. 5. 2 REMARKS CONCERNING THE ANATOMY OF DURVILLAEA Holdfasts of individual DuroiUaBQ plants often fuse ,\lith each other to form a composite holdfast mass. and this fusion of differen't holdfasts is often so complete that it is difficult to detect where Lhey are joined (Herriott 1923:552), (Fig, 5,.lh) Fusion. between holdfasts may. occur at all stages throughout the life of Dur>vittaea plants, and appears to be a more common occurrence with D. antaratica than D. wi llana, Up to four holdfasts have been found fused when plants were only 0,5-LO em long, and only CJ. few weeks old. The fact that rhizoids of different germlings become in.terwoven under culture conditions, suggests that fusion lnay even occur at the gerrnling stage. The holdfasts of two DurvitZaea species are capable of fusing to form a composite holdfast, D. antaretiaa and D. wiZZana holdfasts o.re occasionally found fused togethel:: in the transition region between the t.wo zon e s ,
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A BIOLOGICAL STODY OF AN'JlARCTICA
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j i "The seas: CCl1l1(2: running in
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v CHAPlEt( 7 8 9 10 t\ PPE ND ICES
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vii Fot' theil' effol"ts to obi;ain
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CHAPTER INTRODUCTION I acid and its
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1 CHAPTER TWO MATERIALS AND METHODS
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(c) Standing crop Nas measured as w
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7 the primary blade broke off. Furt
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9 four sites: Areas 5b and 6b at 'f
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1 t the rock surface. Area E (1 x 2
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13 ____ ~ __ 2_._2 Scale of concept
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15 added to the top of the tube. Th
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In addition, dai records of sea sta
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19 The series of low ridges absorbs
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Figure 2.1. LOCATION OF PRINCIPAL S
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Figur.e 2.3. TAU'l'UKU STODY AREA.
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T fine cracks D
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'to J ~" FMAMJ ASONDJ ASONDJ FMAMJ
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27 CH/\P A TAXONOMIC AND NOMENCI ..
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29 (i) Hol,dfast The external morph
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31 {c} The basic cellular arrangeme
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3.1 J03 TYPIFICATION (1) DUX'viUaea
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35 commanded on a scie:ntlfic voyag
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37 recently as 1921 (Cockayne 1921)
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stipe (less than 5 em long) and a h
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41 A TeD spccimclI annotated on the
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43 cortex (Figs 3.3a and 3.4e). Oth
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45 and states, "SaY'cophYCU8 simple
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47 holdfast,
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49 Table 3.1 Differences between Du
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51 General distribution: The Chatha
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53 7 ~) (a) Stipitate lateral lamin
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(a) Laminaria po~oidea in the Lamou
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of D. Hook.fil. 1845. TCD .3 in (c)
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LAMINA SECTIONS OF HERBARIUM SPECIM
Page 79: =.at.:;;;.;;;:.,;;;;....:....;,., .
Page 83: (b) (c) (d) SECTIONS THROUGH THE ME
Page 86 and 87: II I J c d
Page 88 and 89: f end of lamina or differentiated m
Page 90 and 91: 66 that DurvilZaea extends several
Page 92 and 93: 613 numerous narrow channels. On th
Page 94 and 95: 70 from IVJLWS to a level between t
Page 96 and 97: 72 within 0,3-0.5 m of the band. Th
Page 98 and 99: 74 Some growing on crevices on the
Page 100 and 101: 76 level of stl/ards of D. ar/"l;ar
Page 102 and 103: 78
Page 104 and 105: 80 algae except for those in crevic
Page 106 and 107: 82 (d) Australia: D. potatoY'UflJ i
Page 108 and 109: 84 d~stribution at species, winter
Page 110 and 111: 86 several thousand miles. It is li
Page 112 and 113: 80 (cl D. antarctica extends no nor
Page 114 and 115: 90 The most southern tip of South A
Page 116 and 117: 92 islands. On Kerguelen and Crozet
Page 119: Figure 4.2. D. ANTARCTICA AT HEARD
Page 122 and 123: d e
Page 124 and 125: ~I 50
Page 126 and 127: WORLD DISTRIBUTION OF DlIRVILLAl!:A
Page 128 and 129: Figure 4.6. DISTRIBUTION OF D. ANTA
Page 132 and 133: 102 In almost all the composite hol
Page 134 and 135: 104 confined to the merist.oderm, t
Page 136 and 137: 106 longe:r.: than D. anta:.r'ctica
Page 138 and 139: 108 This is not the only way that l
Page 140 and 141: 110 (iii) Cape form (Figs.3.9a,b: 5
Page 142 and 143: of antarctica across a 9 Sa 8 7 10
Page 144 and 145: 114 'rable 5,3 Measurements of D. a
Page 146 and 147: 116 Subsequent reg~neration of shor
Page 148 and 149: 118 at the entran.ce to l-'Iilford
Page 150 and 151: 120 with increasing latitude. The i
Page 152 and 153: 1mm
Page 154 and 155: t lOO,AU".
Page 156 and 157: 30-60mins 2
Page 158: J I em IDem J ] 10 em ] IOcm 3-4 we
Page 161 and 162: f
Page 163 and 164: CJ) -0 I\) Q.. 60 50 Q 3 40 ~ ....
Page 166: Figure 5.9. CLIFF FACES AT TADTUKU.
Page 170: UNUSUAL STIPE FEATURES OF D. A GROW
Page 174 and 175: DEGREE OF LAMINA DIVIStON AND HONEY
Page 176 and 177: Figure 5.14. COMPARISONS OF SAMPLES
Page 178 and 179: 135 CHAPTER SlX REPRODUCTION AND PH
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137 Hyphae invade the neck region o
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'I'he reproductive period of D. wil
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141 A large number of ova at 20°C
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143 released in each of the three s
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Figure 6.1. DEVELOPMENT OF CONCEPTA
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Figure 6.2. REPRODUCTIVE PERIODICIT
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147 CHAPTER SEVEN GROWTH AND MORTAL
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149 (i) Holes punched longitudinall
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4 lSI growth in the length for the
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153 Table 7.5 Frequency of D. antaY
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155 Holdfast diameter increB,sed at
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157 7.5 MORTJ.l.LITY (a) Mortality
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159 seasonal pattern simila~ to tha
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161 A similar of small plants there
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! 6.0~ 5.8 Total 5.6 Ie ngth 5.4 (
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120 100 E E ~ 8 c ~6 ~ +- (I) ..n I
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202 t 1 2 J1cm 3 11 1c
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A Perce:n increase in diameter x lO
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60 Percentage increase 40 in length
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70 60 Percentage increase 40 in len
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il10rease 20 ill rot!)1 length. r '
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mortality 3 .' ' A , ••••
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5 4 Percent mottality:1 per month h
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60 50 2 :3 Plant length (metras) 5
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175 total length closely resembled
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177 sampling error l , and to elimi
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179 of the shoreline; a procedure r
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Figure 8.1. SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF A
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Figure 8.2. size at different seaso
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F i2..ur e 8. 3 • SEASONAL VARIAT
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(a) STORM DAMAGE TO A D. WILLANA BE
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186 clumps of Pachyme~ia ZU8oria, G
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HIB (continued) Species sp. 5P, Zin
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190 On areas cleared during spring
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192 mlportant cause was probably pr
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194 recoLonis of D.anta .. cticc't
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196 (d) Numex~cal density: While st
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198 Although the standing crop of D
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200 however 1 the articulated coral
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SUCCESSION ON AREAS CLEARED IN SPRI
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Figure 9.2. GROWTH IN LENGTH OF REC
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ANTARCTICA: confidence limits. GRCW
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Figure 9.5. KAIKOURA. STIPE GROWTH
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Figure 9.7. STIPE GROWTH OF RECOLON
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Figure 9.9. change in the stipe pro
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Figure 9.12. CHAOOE IN S1 ZE DISTRI
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Figure 9.13. Growth of ~ua1l « 0.5
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Figure 9.14. EXPERIMENTAL REMOVAL O
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213 pathway of Du~vittaea sp. ALLOP
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215 'co d:tying conditions than D.
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217 appears to be gl:eatly influenc
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219 tide. From Bayle's Law 1 the bl
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221 buoyancy. A highly honeycombed
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223 of D. antaratiaa across 25° of
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22S Hasegawa (1962) and Kat ... ash
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5 ..· 7 years old. Some were still
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229 . or combinations of species, p
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231 Harvesters will not cut all sma
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233 10.10 THE RESOURCE RELATIVE TO
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235 10.11 SUMMARY (1) Four DurviZZa
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237 (17) The mean standing crop of
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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TIME OF HARVES
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241 Batham, E.J, (1965). Rocky shor
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243 DaNson, E. Y. (1966). Marine bo
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Hooker, J.D. and Harvey, W.H. (1843
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247 Kuehnemann, O. (1970). Algunas
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249 Moore, L.B. and Cribb, A.S, (19
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251 Skottsberg, c. (1941). Communit
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253 Will. H. (1890). internationaZe
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255 APPENDIX ONE (CONTINUED) (b) DA
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257 APPENDIX TWO DIS'I'RteUTION REC
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259 APPENDI)( THREE DISTRIBUTIONAL
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261 APPFNDIX FOUR DRIFT RECORDS OF
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264 (i) Boil the dried kelp in a sa
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