A biological study of Durvillaea antarctica (Chamisso) Hariot and D ...

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221 buoyancy. A highly honeycombed D. antarctica lamina is superbly adapted to st.rong \lIavc force, whereas large stalked vesicles are easily torn loose on areas where there is strong' surf. Species often occupy a greater diversity of habita'ts in the centre of their geographical range than at their margins. This is because the conditions for life at 'che limits of Lheir range are less favourable, or much more localised. SV.i3xdson. (1949) for e](ample. found that the range of habitats of several bird species became less diverse tOlilards the limits of their range. Often there are dwarf forms at the extremes of a species range (Allee and Schmidt 1.951~ 156) . Near the northern limit of its ri.'mge in New Zealand, D. antarctica plants are small and confined to the most exposed islands and promontories. Further south (south of 45°5) plants are much larger and grow in a wide range of habitats;' e.g. on stewart and Auckland Islands the kelp grows in calm conditions inside inlets and harbours. There is little habitat fOr Durvillaea between 50 0 S and the northern limit of drift ice. What information is available from these small islands suggests that the decrease in plant size and increasing patchiness of D. antarctica near the northern limit of its range is not reptila ted in the south. This may be caused by wa ter temperature being the principal limiting factor in the north, whereas its distribution in the south is stopped abruptly by the ·noxthern limit of drift ice. Other New Zealand brown algae exhibit latitudinal varia·tion in plant size and habitat diversity. CarpophyUwll maschaZocarpum at its southern limit (Banks Peninsula on the east coast) grows mainly inside bays and inlets, and plants are small. In the North Island ii: occupies a much wider range of habitats and plants are much larger. In the northern hemisphere at the geogra.phicaJ. limits of its rqng~ , PuCU$ disticuB L. is often represented by only one or two distinctive forms confined to restricted habitats. In the centre of its geographical range it has a wide range of forms and grm-Is in Q. variety of habitats (Powell 1963:70). Introducing a paper concerning the speciation of the genus Fucus and related genera¥ Powell (1963:63) stated: "The large marine algae a.t·e a very difficult group to reduce to systematic order. Many of the'll are highly plastic (more so than any other group of plants and C:i\1,imals) and widely distributed, and bhow profound modifications; . ,.
222 and fo:t· many of them; the world distribution and hence the natural variation in form possible throughout their entire range is not known." DuY'v'ilZaea is an excellent exarllple of the large marine alqite to \'1hich Powell was referring. All species, and D. antaY'ctic:a in particular I show a very vside range of form in response to environmental conditions and in diffe~ent parts of their geographical range, The failure of many early botanists to appreciate their plasticity of form was largely responsible for the description of so many unwarranted species" 10.4 REPRODUCTIV~ BIOLOGY D. antaJ"ctica only recolonised areas cleared dux:ing the fruiting season which strongly infers that plants develop directly from zygotes. In this respect D. antaY'otica differs from Laminaria hyperborea which Kain (l976h)found recolonised areas cleared outside the fruiting seasono As she pointed out, it is tempting to attribute this difference to the different life histories of the respective plants! viz that the laminarian has an alternating gametophytic phase, whereas DuY'vilZaea zygotes develop directly into the diploid plant. My suggestion that the reproductive period of D. antaY'ctica becomes more protracted with increasi.ng latitude is supported by an observation made by Delepine (1964) for D. antarctica at Kerguelen Island (50 0 S). He discovered that gametes were released throughout the summer, and \'las able to culture zygotes in mid January 1963. He did not report ",hether plan ts were a.l so frui ting in winter, Nowhere in New Zealand have I found ripe plants in summer. rt seems likely that either the reproductive season occurs much later, or it becomes more protracted wi th increas ing 1a ti tUde. Latitudinal variation in reproductive Periodicity has been reported for a number of laxge brotvn a.lgae. BlackleY (1955) described a trend for the fertile period of some fucaceae to become increasingly la-ter and longer wi tJ.1 increasing latitude" In France, the fruiting period of FUCUB serratus L, is in the spring a.nd early summer, but in Scotland, reproduction is most prolific during the autumn, winter and spring, \lIith some plants being fertile the year round. Further investigation into latitvdinal variation in the fruiting season of Dux~ilZaea requires monthly sampling at several stations across as wide a latitude as possJble. Ideally such a project should be undertaken in Chile where there is a moze-or-less continuous band y.
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A BIOLOGICAL STODY OF AN'JlARCTICA
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j i "The seas: CCl1l1(2: running in
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v CHAPlEt( 7 8 9 10 t\ PPE ND ICES
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vii Fot' theil' effol"ts to obi;ain
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CHAPTER INTRODUCTION I acid and its
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1 CHAPTER TWO MATERIALS AND METHODS
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(c) Standing crop Nas measured as w
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7 the primary blade broke off. Furt
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9 four sites: Areas 5b and 6b at 'f
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1 t the rock surface. Area E (1 x 2
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13 ____ ~ __ 2_._2 Scale of concept
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15 added to the top of the tube. Th
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In addition, dai records of sea sta
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19 The series of low ridges absorbs
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Figure 2.1. LOCATION OF PRINCIPAL S
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Figur.e 2.3. TAU'l'UKU STODY AREA.
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T fine cracks D
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'to J ~" FMAMJ ASONDJ ASONDJ FMAMJ
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27 CH/\P A TAXONOMIC AND NOMENCI ..
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29 (i) Hol,dfast The external morph
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31 {c} The basic cellular arrangeme
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3.1 J03 TYPIFICATION (1) DUX'viUaea
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35 commanded on a scie:ntlfic voyag
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37 recently as 1921 (Cockayne 1921)
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stipe (less than 5 em long) and a h
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41 A TeD spccimclI annotated on the
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43 cortex (Figs 3.3a and 3.4e). Oth
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45 and states, "SaY'cophYCU8 simple
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47 holdfast,
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49 Table 3.1 Differences between Du
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51 General distribution: The Chatha
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53 7 ~) (a) Stipitate lateral lamin
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(a) Laminaria po~oidea in the Lamou
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of D. Hook.fil. 1845. TCD .3 in (c)
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LAMINA SECTIONS OF HERBARIUM SPECIM
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=.at.:;;;.;;;:.,;;;;....:....;,., .
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(b) (c) (d) SECTIONS THROUGH THE ME
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II I J c d
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f end of lamina or differentiated m
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66 that DurvilZaea extends several
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613 numerous narrow channels. On th
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70 from IVJLWS to a level between t
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72 within 0,3-0.5 m of the band. Th
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74 Some growing on crevices on the
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76 level of stl/ards of D. ar/"l;ar
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78
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80 algae except for those in crevic
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82 (d) Australia: D. potatoY'UflJ i
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84 d~stribution at species, winter
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86 several thousand miles. It is li
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80 (cl D. antarctica extends no nor
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90 The most southern tip of South A
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92 islands. On Kerguelen and Crozet
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Figure 4.2. D. ANTARCTICA AT HEARD
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d e
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~I 50
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WORLD DISTRIBUTION OF DlIRVILLAl!:A
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Figure 4.6. DISTRIBUTION OF D. ANTA
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50 45 /" b WATER LOSS /0 EXPESSED A
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102 In almost all the composite hol
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104 confined to the merist.oderm, t
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106 longe:r.: than D. anta:.r'ctica
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108 This is not the only way that l
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110 (iii) Cape form (Figs.3.9a,b: 5
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of antarctica across a 9 Sa 8 7 10
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114 'rable 5,3 Measurements of D. a
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116 Subsequent reg~neration of shor
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118 at the entran.ce to l-'Iilford
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120 with increasing latitude. The i
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1mm
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t lOO,AU".
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30-60mins 2
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J I em IDem J ] 10 em ] IOcm 3-4 we
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f
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CJ) -0 I\) Q.. 60 50 Q 3 40 ~ ....
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Figure 5.9. CLIFF FACES AT TADTUKU.
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UNUSUAL STIPE FEATURES OF D. A GROW
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DEGREE OF LAMINA DIVIStON AND HONEY
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Figure 5.14. COMPARISONS OF SAMPLES
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135 CHAPTER SlX REPRODUCTION AND PH
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137 Hyphae invade the neck region o
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'I'he reproductive period of D. wil
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141 A large number of ova at 20°C
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143 released in each of the three s
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Figure 6.1. DEVELOPMENT OF CONCEPTA
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Figure 6.2. REPRODUCTIVE PERIODICIT
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147 CHAPTER SEVEN GROWTH AND MORTAL
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149 (i) Holes punched longitudinall
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4 lSI growth in the length for the
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153 Table 7.5 Frequency of D. antaY
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155 Holdfast diameter increB,sed at
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157 7.5 MORTJ.l.LITY (a) Mortality
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159 seasonal pattern simila~ to tha
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161 A similar of small plants there
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! 6.0~ 5.8 Total 5.6 Ie ngth 5.4 (
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120 100 E E ~ 8 c ~6 ~ +- (I) ..n I
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202 t 1 2 J1cm 3 11 1c
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A Perce:n increase in diameter x lO
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60 Percentage increase 40 in length
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70 60 Percentage increase 40 in len
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il10rease 20 ill rot!)1 length. r '
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mortality 3 .' ' A , ••••
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5 4 Percent mottality:1 per month h
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60 50 2 :3 Plant length (metras) 5
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175 total length closely resembled
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177 sampling error l , and to elimi
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179 of the shoreline; a procedure r
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Figure 8.1. SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF A
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Figure 8.2. size at different seaso
Page 238 and 239: F i2..ur e 8. 3 • SEASONAL VARIAT
Page 240: (a) STORM DAMAGE TO A D. WILLANA BE
Page 243 and 244: 186 clumps of Pachyme~ia ZU8oria, G
Page 245 and 246: HIB (continued) Species sp. 5P, Zin
Page 247 and 248: 190 On areas cleared during spring
Page 249 and 250: 192 mlportant cause was probably pr
Page 251 and 252: 194 recoLonis of D.anta .. cticc't
Page 253 and 254: 196 (d) Numex~cal density: While st
Page 255 and 256: 198 Although the standing crop of D
Page 257 and 258: 200 however 1 the articulated coral
Page 259 and 260: SUCCESSION ON AREAS CLEARED IN SPRI
Page 261 and 262: Figure 9.2. GROWTH IN LENGTH OF REC
Page 263 and 264: ANTARCTICA: confidence limits. GRCW
Page 265 and 266: Figure 9.5. KAIKOURA. STIPE GROWTH
Page 267 and 268: Figure 9.7. STIPE GROWTH OF RECOLON
Page 269 and 270: Figure 9.9. change in the stipe pro
Page 271 and 272: Figure 9.12. CHAOOE IN S1 ZE DISTRI
Page 273 and 274: Figure 9.13. Growth of ~ua1l « 0.5
Page 275: Figure 9.14. EXPERIMENTAL REMOVAL O
Page 280 and 281: 213 pathway of Du~vittaea sp. ALLOP
Page 282 and 283: 215 'co d:tying conditions than D.
Page 284 and 285: 217 appears to be gl:eatly influenc
Page 286 and 287: 219 tide. From Bayle's Law 1 the bl
Page 290 and 291: 223 of D. antaratiaa across 25° of
Page 292 and 293: 22S Hasegawa (1962) and Kat ... ash
Page 294 and 295: 5 ..· 7 years old. Some were still
Page 296 and 297: 229 . or combinations of species, p
Page 298 and 299: 231 Harvesters will not cut all sma
Page 300 and 301: 233 10.10 THE RESOURCE RELATIVE TO
Page 302 and 303: 235 10.11 SUMMARY (1) Four DurviZZa
Page 304 and 305: 237 (17) The mean standing crop of
Page 306: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TIME OF HARVES
Page 309 and 310: 241 Batham, E.J, (1965). Rocky shor
Page 311 and 312: 243 DaNson, E. Y. (1966). Marine bo
Page 313 and 314: Hooker, J.D. and Harvey, W.H. (1843
Page 315 and 316: 247 Kuehnemann, O. (1970). Algunas
Page 317 and 318: 249 Moore, L.B. and Cribb, A.S, (19
Page 319 and 320: 251 Skottsberg, c. (1941). Communit
Page 321 and 322: 253 Will. H. (1890). internationaZe
Page 323 and 324: 255 APPENDIX ONE (CONTINUED) (b) DA
Page 325 and 326: 257 APPENDIX TWO DIS'I'RteUTION REC
Page 327 and 328: 259 APPENDI)( THREE DISTRIBUTIONAL
Page 329 and 330: 261 APPFNDIX FOUR DRIFT RECORDS OF
Page 332: 264 (i) Boil the dried kelp in a sa
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A biological study of Durvillaea antarctica (Chamisso) Hariot and D ...

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