A biological study of Durvillaea antarctica (Chamisso) Hariot and D ...

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viii J\BSTRACT The biology of DUl'viUaea antarctica and D. -wi"lZana, two Ne"J Zealafld bull,-kelp seaweeds / is discussed and the taxonomy and Yl0fli~tl, clature of all DUr1J'illaea species reviev/ed and clarified. Four species a~'e recognis,,:'.d: D. potatorwn (LabilL) l-u-eschoug, D. anta:t'ctica (Chamisso) Hariot, D, -wilZana Lindauer and D. chatham'ica n.sp" Morphological var iati on, population .s truc'cure, and the effects of were studied by sampling primarily D. antarct'ica and secondarily D. Ivi"lZa:na. Reproductive periodicity, growth, :mortality and longevity t-lcre 8tudied by regularly monitoring marked plants. Morphology is extrernoly plastic and largely dete:r::mined by loJave force and grazing. Th~re is little seasonal change in the size structure of D. antar>ctiaa populations, although this varies with wave exposQre. In New Zealand both species have a winter (April-August) frui ting season, ~'li t'h 'a midwinter peaJc, Evidence suggests a latitQdinal lengthening of the reproductiv~ season. Individual plants produce one crop of concGptacles annually. It takes at least two yeaL"S for plants to become f erti Ie. Regrowth of D, antaret'iea on experimentally cleared sites corresponded with 'che period of gamete n~leas8. Regro ....'th was primarily caused by fr0sh recruitment and not by rapid growth of previously dormant small or microscopic plants. Regrowth on sites cleared outside the Dupvillaea f~uiting season was very slow because most available space became occupied by other algae. Grmo,rth ro.tes are highly variable. Net growth is fastent in spring and summer p i.e" after the fruiting season. Plant damage and mortality was highest in winter. Both species may live ten years or longer. Culling increases the growth rate of underst.orey plants, although fastest regro\lIth was obta.ined by harves'cing when recruitment t,>lC"lS imminent. Mecl.n standing crop of D. anta:t'ctiaa was 123.5 i.:onnes/k.l1\ ot shore. Values va:t:ied from 47 tonnes/Jan on s"ceep shores to 190 tonnes/lan on wide fl
CHAPTER INTRODUCTION I acid and its derivatives are used ext.ensi in and in the Northern several species of brown algae are harvested for their content. and Naylor (1954) and and (1972) showe.d that the Moss content of DU.Y'viZ spp_ is very high - approximately 30-34 9 6 on a ary basis 0 In 1972 the Kamagawa Chemical (subs of Hitsubishi tion, Japan) harvested several tonnes of ~ f:com various along the east coast of the South Island, and E'!ntly sent trial shipments of dried ZZaea to also encouraged the industry on the Otago Coast at of a small harvesting Point \V'hich operCl.ted until 1974. This venture on the feelings by the Ne\'1 Zealand of was v iewed vIi th mixed by the fraterni who feared that large-scale harvesting of DU1~vil could be detrimental to the industry, It also led to the realisation that Ii ttle \..ras known a.bout the and Durvillaea compared to that is known about commercially brown seaweeds in the Northern Herriott (1923) and (1949) had described t.he fmatomy of D, antarctica from New Zealand, and in 1954 Naylor described the ear deve of and D. willana germlings. A brief anatomical of the Australian species, D. potatorum, x.,ras made (lB93) • ~t Kerguelen, Delepine also described the development of D. antOX'ctica and in 1969 he c0111mented briefly on the of of this No detailed accounts of the DurviZ habitat have been PQblished. This study commenced in mid 1972 with a vie"', to obtaining a greater of the and ecology of D. antarctica and D. wil in New Zealand. It soon becoJne apparent that ll\u~;h more research on t.he of DUY'vi Z Zaea ',Jas necessary befOl:.-e any stndy concerned wi·th the cal of the ke 01. ~'1i th what. effects ha.:cves would have on the of .,,;:outhern rocky shores. The main objectives of this confined t.o the (1) '1'0 were therefore largely out the taxonomic and
Page 1 and 2: A BIOLOGICAL STODY OF AN'JlARCTICA
Page 3 and 4: j i "The seas: CCl1l1(2: running in
Page 5 and 6: v CHAPlEt( 7 8 9 10 t\ PPE ND ICES
Page 7: vii Fot' theil' effol"ts to obi;ain
Page 11 and 12: 1 CHAPTER TWO MATERIALS AND METHODS
Page 13 and 14: (c) Standing crop Nas measured as w
Page 15 and 16: 7 the primary blade broke off. Furt
Page 17 and 18: 9 four sites: Areas 5b and 6b at 'f
Page 19 and 20: 1 t the rock surface. Area E (1 x 2
Page 21 and 22: 13 ____ ~ __ 2_._2 Scale of concept
Page 23 and 24: 15 added to the top of the tube. Th
Page 25 and 26: In addition, dai records of sea sta
Page 27 and 28: 19 The series of low ridges absorbs
Page 29: Figure 2.1. LOCATION OF PRINCIPAL S
Page 33: Figur.e 2.3. TAU'l'UKU STODY AREA.
Page 36 and 37: T fine cracks D
Page 38 and 39: 'to J ~" FMAMJ ASONDJ ASONDJ FMAMJ
Page 41 and 42: 27 CH/\P A TAXONOMIC AND NOMENCI ..
Page 43 and 44: 29 (i) Hol,dfast The external morph
Page 45 and 46: 31 {c} The basic cellular arrangeme
Page 47 and 48: 3.1 J03 TYPIFICATION (1) DUX'viUaea
Page 49 and 50: 35 commanded on a scie:ntlfic voyag
Page 51 and 52: 37 recently as 1921 (Cockayne 1921)
Page 53 and 54: stipe (less than 5 em long) and a h
Page 55 and 56: 41 A TeD spccimclI annotated on the
Page 57 and 58: 43 cortex (Figs 3.3a and 3.4e). Oth
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45 and states, "SaY'cophYCU8 simple
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47 holdfast,
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49 Table 3.1 Differences between Du
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51 General distribution: The Chatha
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53 7 ~) (a) Stipitate lateral lamin
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(a) Laminaria po~oidea in the Lamou
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of D. Hook.fil. 1845. TCD .3 in (c)
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LAMINA SECTIONS OF HERBARIUM SPECIM
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=.at.:;;;.;;;:.,;;;;....:....;,., .
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(b) (c) (d) SECTIONS THROUGH THE ME
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II I J c d
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f end of lamina or differentiated m
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66 that DurvilZaea extends several
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613 numerous narrow channels. On th
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70 from IVJLWS to a level between t
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72 within 0,3-0.5 m of the band. Th
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74 Some growing on crevices on the
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76 level of stl/ards of D. ar/"l;ar
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78
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80 algae except for those in crevic
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82 (d) Australia: D. potatoY'UflJ i
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84 d~stribution at species, winter
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86 several thousand miles. It is li
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80 (cl D. antarctica extends no nor
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90 The most southern tip of South A
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92 islands. On Kerguelen and Crozet
Page 119:
Figure 4.2. D. ANTARCTICA AT HEARD
Page 122 and 123:
d e
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~I 50
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WORLD DISTRIBUTION OF DlIRVILLAl!:A
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Figure 4.6. DISTRIBUTION OF D. ANTA
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50 45 /" b WATER LOSS /0 EXPESSED A
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102 In almost all the composite hol
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104 confined to the merist.oderm, t
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106 longe:r.: than D. anta:.r'ctica
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108 This is not the only way that l
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110 (iii) Cape form (Figs.3.9a,b: 5
Page 142 and 143:
of antarctica across a 9 Sa 8 7 10
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114 'rable 5,3 Measurements of D. a
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116 Subsequent reg~neration of shor
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118 at the entran.ce to l-'Iilford
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120 with increasing latitude. The i
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1mm
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t lOO,AU".
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30-60mins 2
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J I em IDem J ] 10 em ] IOcm 3-4 we
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f
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CJ) -0 I\) Q.. 60 50 Q 3 40 ~ ....
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Figure 5.9. CLIFF FACES AT TADTUKU.
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UNUSUAL STIPE FEATURES OF D. A GROW
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DEGREE OF LAMINA DIVIStON AND HONEY
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Figure 5.14. COMPARISONS OF SAMPLES
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135 CHAPTER SlX REPRODUCTION AND PH
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137 Hyphae invade the neck region o
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'I'he reproductive period of D. wil
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141 A large number of ova at 20°C
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143 released in each of the three s
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Figure 6.1. DEVELOPMENT OF CONCEPTA
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Figure 6.2. REPRODUCTIVE PERIODICIT
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147 CHAPTER SEVEN GROWTH AND MORTAL
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149 (i) Holes punched longitudinall
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4 lSI growth in the length for the
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153 Table 7.5 Frequency of D. antaY
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155 Holdfast diameter increB,sed at
Page 202 and 203:
157 7.5 MORTJ.l.LITY (a) Mortality
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159 seasonal pattern simila~ to tha
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161 A similar of small plants there
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! 6.0~ 5.8 Total 5.6 Ie ngth 5.4 (
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120 100 E E ~ 8 c ~6 ~ +- (I) ..n I
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202 t 1 2 J1cm 3 11 1c
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A Perce:n increase in diameter x lO
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60 Percentage increase 40 in length
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70 60 Percentage increase 40 in len
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il10rease 20 ill rot!)1 length. r '
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mortality 3 .' ' A , ••••
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5 4 Percent mottality:1 per month h
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60 50 2 :3 Plant length (metras) 5
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175 total length closely resembled
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177 sampling error l , and to elimi
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179 of the shoreline; a procedure r
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Figure 8.1. SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF A
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Figure 8.2. size at different seaso
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F i2..ur e 8. 3 • SEASONAL VARIAT
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(a) STORM DAMAGE TO A D. WILLANA BE
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186 clumps of Pachyme~ia ZU8oria, G
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HIB (continued) Species sp. 5P, Zin
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190 On areas cleared during spring
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192 mlportant cause was probably pr
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194 recoLonis of D.anta .. cticc't
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196 (d) Numex~cal density: While st
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198 Although the standing crop of D
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200 however 1 the articulated coral
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SUCCESSION ON AREAS CLEARED IN SPRI
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Figure 9.2. GROWTH IN LENGTH OF REC
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ANTARCTICA: confidence limits. GRCW
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Figure 9.5. KAIKOURA. STIPE GROWTH
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Figure 9.7. STIPE GROWTH OF RECOLON
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Figure 9.9. change in the stipe pro
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Figure 9.12. CHAOOE IN S1 ZE DISTRI
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Figure 9.13. Growth of ~ua1l « 0.5
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Figure 9.14. EXPERIMENTAL REMOVAL O
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213 pathway of Du~vittaea sp. ALLOP
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215 'co d:tying conditions than D.
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217 appears to be gl:eatly influenc
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219 tide. From Bayle's Law 1 the bl
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221 buoyancy. A highly honeycombed
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223 of D. antaratiaa across 25° of
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22S Hasegawa (1962) and Kat ... ash
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5 ..· 7 years old. Some were still
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229 . or combinations of species, p
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231 Harvesters will not cut all sma
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233 10.10 THE RESOURCE RELATIVE TO
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235 10.11 SUMMARY (1) Four DurviZZa
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237 (17) The mean standing crop of
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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TIME OF HARVES
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241 Batham, E.J, (1965). Rocky shor
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243 DaNson, E. Y. (1966). Marine bo
Page 313 and 314:
Hooker, J.D. and Harvey, W.H. (1843
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247 Kuehnemann, O. (1970). Algunas
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249 Moore, L.B. and Cribb, A.S, (19
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251 Skottsberg, c. (1941). Communit
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253 Will. H. (1890). internationaZe
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255 APPENDIX ONE (CONTINUED) (b) DA
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257 APPENDIX TWO DIS'I'RteUTION REC
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259 APPENDI)( THREE DISTRIBUTIONAL
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261 APPFNDIX FOUR DRIFT RECORDS OF
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264 (i) Boil the dried kelp in a sa
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