A biological study of Durvillaea antarctica (Chamisso) Hariot and D ...

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191 areal, but this was to be expected since the sites were cleared at different times during spring and summer, and differed slightly in terms of wave exposure and shore topography. These other seaweeds prevented dense recolonisation by DurviZlaea in the following winter, by occupying the predominantly bare areas. Area Sa (cleared October 1972: 28 m 2 ) contained only 274 D. antarctica plants a year after clearing, and most of these were small specimens inadvertently missed during clearing in the previous October. However at least 50 plants were recruited in the 1973 winter. Many of these were attached to the coralline turf. Codium adhaepena. mussels and even the shells of limpets. and were therefore easily detached during storms. Consequently most of the kelp plants present after 3~ years, were survivors,of those small specimens which escaped the clearing process. As the size of these plants increased, the area of coralline turf declined (Fig. 9.1, column 1). This may have been a result of shading and/or abrasion by the DurvilZaea fronds. The number of mussels (Perna canaliculus and to a lesser extent MYtiZia edulis aoteanus) exposed after the kelp was cut, declined over several months after clearing (Table 9.3). This applied particularly to those areas cleared during the spring and summer. On Area 9 (cleared 2 November 1974: 21.6 m 2 ) for example, all PePna disappeared within seven months. Originally many were loosely attached to the rock, and presumably a local increase in wave action following removal of the kelp, was the main cause. However I on th is same area, there was heavy settlement of MytiZis eduZie and pulez 2 in the autumn and early winter after clearing (Fig. 9.1, column 3). No comparable recrui tJnent was found in adjacent control areas, so it seems likely that this was a direct effect of removing the kelp. Mortality of these small mussels was very high, however. Large rock slabs which were shifted about in the kelp zone during the winter of 1974 may have been partly responsible for this; but a more Ulva was never particularly common on Area Sa, but was important On three other areas. SpZanchnidium, Leathesia, Hetel'osiphcmia and RalfsM appeared on some areas and not on others. 2 Formerly knOWn as Modiolus neozeZandicus Ireda1e 1915.
192 mlportant cause was probably predation by oyster catchers (Haematopus ostraZegUB) " These birds congregated to feed in eJ~erirnentally cleared areas. Normally they feed higher up the shore alnongst the ba>::nacles, ApophZaea and Boswyehia. 'I'here was no eviden.ce at Tautuku of an.y large fluctuations in the numbers of l.impets and chitons after removal of the kelp.
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A BIOLOGICAL STODY OF AN'JlARCTICA
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j i "The seas: CCl1l1(2: running in
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v CHAPlEt( 7 8 9 10 t\ PPE ND ICES
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vii Fot' theil' effol"ts to obi;ain
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CHAPTER INTRODUCTION I acid and its
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1 CHAPTER TWO MATERIALS AND METHODS
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(c) Standing crop Nas measured as w
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7 the primary blade broke off. Furt
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9 four sites: Areas 5b and 6b at 'f
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1 t the rock surface. Area E (1 x 2
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13 ____ ~ __ 2_._2 Scale of concept
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15 added to the top of the tube. Th
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In addition, dai records of sea sta
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19 The series of low ridges absorbs
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Figure 2.1. LOCATION OF PRINCIPAL S
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Figur.e 2.3. TAU'l'UKU STODY AREA.
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T fine cracks D
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'to J ~" FMAMJ ASONDJ ASONDJ FMAMJ
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27 CH/\P A TAXONOMIC AND NOMENCI ..
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29 (i) Hol,dfast The external morph
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31 {c} The basic cellular arrangeme
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3.1 J03 TYPIFICATION (1) DUX'viUaea
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35 commanded on a scie:ntlfic voyag
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37 recently as 1921 (Cockayne 1921)
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stipe (less than 5 em long) and a h
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41 A TeD spccimclI annotated on the
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43 cortex (Figs 3.3a and 3.4e). Oth
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45 and states, "SaY'cophYCU8 simple
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47 holdfast,
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49 Table 3.1 Differences between Du
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51 General distribution: The Chatha
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53 7 ~) (a) Stipitate lateral lamin
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(a) Laminaria po~oidea in the Lamou
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of D. Hook.fil. 1845. TCD .3 in (c)
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LAMINA SECTIONS OF HERBARIUM SPECIM
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=.at.:;;;.;;;:.,;;;;....:....;,., .
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(b) (c) (d) SECTIONS THROUGH THE ME
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II I J c d
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f end of lamina or differentiated m
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66 that DurvilZaea extends several
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613 numerous narrow channels. On th
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70 from IVJLWS to a level between t
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72 within 0,3-0.5 m of the band. Th
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74 Some growing on crevices on the
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76 level of stl/ards of D. ar/"l;ar
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78
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80 algae except for those in crevic
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82 (d) Australia: D. potatoY'UflJ i
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84 d~stribution at species, winter
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86 several thousand miles. It is li
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80 (cl D. antarctica extends no nor
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90 The most southern tip of South A
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92 islands. On Kerguelen and Crozet
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Figure 4.2. D. ANTARCTICA AT HEARD
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d e
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~I 50
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WORLD DISTRIBUTION OF DlIRVILLAl!:A
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Figure 4.6. DISTRIBUTION OF D. ANTA
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50 45 /" b WATER LOSS /0 EXPESSED A
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102 In almost all the composite hol
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104 confined to the merist.oderm, t
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106 longe:r.: than D. anta:.r'ctica
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108 This is not the only way that l
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110 (iii) Cape form (Figs.3.9a,b: 5
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of antarctica across a 9 Sa 8 7 10
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114 'rable 5,3 Measurements of D. a
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116 Subsequent reg~neration of shor
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118 at the entran.ce to l-'Iilford
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120 with increasing latitude. The i
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1mm
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t lOO,AU".
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30-60mins 2
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J I em IDem J ] 10 em ] IOcm 3-4 we
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f
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CJ) -0 I\) Q.. 60 50 Q 3 40 ~ ....
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Figure 5.9. CLIFF FACES AT TADTUKU.
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UNUSUAL STIPE FEATURES OF D. A GROW
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DEGREE OF LAMINA DIVIStON AND HONEY
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Figure 5.14. COMPARISONS OF SAMPLES
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135 CHAPTER SlX REPRODUCTION AND PH
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137 Hyphae invade the neck region o
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'I'he reproductive period of D. wil
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141 A large number of ova at 20°C
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143 released in each of the three s
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Figure 6.1. DEVELOPMENT OF CONCEPTA
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Figure 6.2. REPRODUCTIVE PERIODICIT
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147 CHAPTER SEVEN GROWTH AND MORTAL
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149 (i) Holes punched longitudinall
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4 lSI growth in the length for the
Page 198 and 199: 153 Table 7.5 Frequency of D. antaY
Page 200 and 201: 155 Holdfast diameter increB,sed at
Page 202 and 203: 157 7.5 MORTJ.l.LITY (a) Mortality
Page 204 and 205: 159 seasonal pattern simila~ to tha
Page 206 and 207: 161 A similar of small plants there
Page 208 and 209: ! 6.0~ 5.8 Total 5.6 Ie ngth 5.4 (
Page 210 and 211: 120 100 E E ~ 8 c ~6 ~ +- (I) ..n I
Page 212 and 213: 202 t 1 2 J1cm 3 11 1c
Page 214 and 215: A Perce:n increase in diameter x lO
Page 216 and 217: 60 Percentage increase 40 in length
Page 218 and 219: 70 60 Percentage increase 40 in len
Page 220 and 221: il10rease 20 ill rot!)1 length. r '
Page 222 and 223: mortality 3 .' ' A , ••••
Page 224 and 225: 5 4 Percent mottality:1 per month h
Page 226 and 227: 60 50 2 :3 Plant length (metras) 5
Page 228 and 229: 175 total length closely resembled
Page 230 and 231: 177 sampling error l , and to elimi
Page 232 and 233: 179 of the shoreline; a procedure r
Page 234 and 235: Figure 8.1. SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF A
Page 236 and 237: Figure 8.2. size at different seaso
Page 238 and 239: F i2..ur e 8. 3 • SEASONAL VARIAT
Page 240: (a) STORM DAMAGE TO A D. WILLANA BE
Page 243 and 244: 186 clumps of Pachyme~ia ZU8oria, G
Page 245 and 246: HIB (continued) Species sp. 5P, Zin
Page 247: 190 On areas cleared during spring
Page 251 and 252: 194 recoLonis of D.anta .. cticc't
Page 253 and 254: 196 (d) Numex~cal density: While st
Page 255 and 256: 198 Although the standing crop of D
Page 257 and 258: 200 however 1 the articulated coral
Page 259 and 260: SUCCESSION ON AREAS CLEARED IN SPRI
Page 261 and 262: Figure 9.2. GROWTH IN LENGTH OF REC
Page 263 and 264: ANTARCTICA: confidence limits. GRCW
Page 265 and 266: Figure 9.5. KAIKOURA. STIPE GROWTH
Page 267 and 268: Figure 9.7. STIPE GROWTH OF RECOLON
Page 269 and 270: Figure 9.9. change in the stipe pro
Page 271 and 272: Figure 9.12. CHAOOE IN S1 ZE DISTRI
Page 273 and 274: Figure 9.13. Growth of ~ua1l « 0.5
Page 275: Figure 9.14. EXPERIMENTAL REMOVAL O
Page 280 and 281: 213 pathway of Du~vittaea sp. ALLOP
Page 282 and 283: 215 'co d:tying conditions than D.
Page 284 and 285: 217 appears to be gl:eatly influenc
Page 286 and 287: 219 tide. From Bayle's Law 1 the bl
Page 288 and 289: 221 buoyancy. A highly honeycombed
Page 290 and 291: 223 of D. antaratiaa across 25° of
Page 292 and 293: 22S Hasegawa (1962) and Kat ... ash
Page 294 and 295: 5 ..· 7 years old. Some were still
Page 296 and 297: 229 . or combinations of species, p
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231 Harvesters will not cut all sma
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233 10.10 THE RESOURCE RELATIVE TO
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235 10.11 SUMMARY (1) Four DurviZZa
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237 (17) The mean standing crop of
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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TIME OF HARVES
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241 Batham, E.J, (1965). Rocky shor
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243 DaNson, E. Y. (1966). Marine bo
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Hooker, J.D. and Harvey, W.H. (1843
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247 Kuehnemann, O. (1970). Algunas
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249 Moore, L.B. and Cribb, A.S, (19
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251 Skottsberg, c. (1941). Communit
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253 Will. H. (1890). internationaZe
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255 APPENDIX ONE (CONTINUED) (b) DA
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257 APPENDIX TWO DIS'I'RteUTION REC
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259 APPENDI)( THREE DISTRIBUTIONAL
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261 APPFNDIX FOUR DRIFT RECORDS OF
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264 (i) Boil the dried kelp in a sa
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