A biological study of Durvillaea antarctica (Chamisso) Hariot and D ...

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of antarctica across a 9 Sa 8 7 10 153 76 2 52 0 .. 10 2. ± 0.12 2.59 0 2.96 ± 2 6 20 ± .. 5 24~4 o 8 22 ± 0 .. 8 2 .. S .. 4 ± 0.8 37 .. 3 ± .. 9 ± 1 6 122 ± 7 2 1 2 3.0 3~2 5 1;7.1 1;,8S 0.32 O~35 0.32 13 5 6,,7 4501 46 9 6 15.,7 12p2 ., - f • .L 38.6 5.0 5l.~5 6.0 23.l 2G~4 i c:: c:: _.J"...; 19.0 33 I-' r-' kl
113 It is possibl~ that this distal branching is an. adaptation 'co strong impact and drag forces along the top of the kelp zone. On sloping shores such as at Tautuku, the upper fringe of the DurvilZaea bel t bears the full brunt of the impact and. drag forces of er'tch receding vJave I and in many places plants at 'chis level have to contend \'Iith torrents which pour down the slope when lllaves crest over the back of the shore plat.forms. plants lower down are in deeper water, and are afforded some protection by the wide expanse of D, wiZ lana. On exposed places around the Chatham Islands, D. antapatiaa plants along the uppe:r fringe of the kelp band exhibit an unusual l(torphological featUre. Their stipes axe capable of producing la_taral processes in a manner superficially resembling D. wilZana stipes (Fig. S.llc-f). These appear first as small rna late\processes (up to 5 rom diameter), the tissue of which is continuous with the cortex. They grow to form narrow, honeycombed, whip-like thongs up to 1.5 m long which are covered with conceptacles. 1~ese thongs are C£ten concentrated along one side of the stipe, in which case, the stipe is usually bent. Those closest to the base grow the fastest. Specimens with this feature are usually battered. In most cO.ses (see the specimens illustrated) the lamina is greatly' tattered. or missing. Presu:mably the development of thongs is a regenerative response to excessive loss of lamina tissue, in the particula.rly severe conditions along the upper fringe of the kelp band. The feature was not found lower do\~ the shore, and appears to be confined to Chatham Islands populations. D. antarctioa stipes at the bottom of the D. antarctica belt are significantly longer and more slender than stipes of plants at higher levels on the shore ('fable 5. 3a) . Presllunably a long stipe confers same advantage to plants growing at the bottom of the intertidal. When the tide recedes, fronds are left draped one on top of the other dO\m the shore. so that plants at the bottom have to contend with a thick and often tangled mass of laminae. A long stipe effectively prevents the broadest p~rt of these lowest plants being covered, Plants at the bottom of the intertidal most also compete against D. wiZlana plants for light. Since the stipes of this species c01IDl1only exceed 1 In, and have inumerable lateral is probably an advantage for D. antarctica specimens nearby 0
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A BIOLOGICAL STODY OF AN'JlARCTICA
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j i "The seas: CCl1l1(2: running in
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v CHAPlEt( 7 8 9 10 t\ PPE ND ICES
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vii Fot' theil' effol"ts to obi;ain
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CHAPTER INTRODUCTION I acid and its
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1 CHAPTER TWO MATERIALS AND METHODS
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(c) Standing crop Nas measured as w
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7 the primary blade broke off. Furt
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9 four sites: Areas 5b and 6b at 'f
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1 t the rock surface. Area E (1 x 2
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13 ____ ~ __ 2_._2 Scale of concept
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15 added to the top of the tube. Th
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In addition, dai records of sea sta
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19 The series of low ridges absorbs
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Figure 2.1. LOCATION OF PRINCIPAL S
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Figur.e 2.3. TAU'l'UKU STODY AREA.
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T fine cracks D
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'to J ~" FMAMJ ASONDJ ASONDJ FMAMJ
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27 CH/\P A TAXONOMIC AND NOMENCI ..
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29 (i) Hol,dfast The external morph
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31 {c} The basic cellular arrangeme
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3.1 J03 TYPIFICATION (1) DUX'viUaea
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35 commanded on a scie:ntlfic voyag
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37 recently as 1921 (Cockayne 1921)
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stipe (less than 5 em long) and a h
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41 A TeD spccimclI annotated on the
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43 cortex (Figs 3.3a and 3.4e). Oth
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45 and states, "SaY'cophYCU8 simple
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47 holdfast,
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49 Table 3.1 Differences between Du
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51 General distribution: The Chatha
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53 7 ~) (a) Stipitate lateral lamin
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(a) Laminaria po~oidea in the Lamou
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of D. Hook.fil. 1845. TCD .3 in (c)
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LAMINA SECTIONS OF HERBARIUM SPECIM
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=.at.:;;;.;;;:.,;;;;....:....;,., .
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(b) (c) (d) SECTIONS THROUGH THE ME
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II I J c d
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f end of lamina or differentiated m
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66 that DurvilZaea extends several
Page 92 and 93: 613 numerous narrow channels. On th
Page 94 and 95: 70 from IVJLWS to a level between t
Page 96 and 97: 72 within 0,3-0.5 m of the band. Th
Page 98 and 99: 74 Some growing on crevices on the
Page 100 and 101: 76 level of stl/ards of D. ar/"l;ar
Page 102 and 103: 78
Page 104 and 105: 80 algae except for those in crevic
Page 106 and 107: 82 (d) Australia: D. potatoY'UflJ i
Page 108 and 109: 84 d~stribution at species, winter
Page 110 and 111: 86 several thousand miles. It is li
Page 112 and 113: 80 (cl D. antarctica extends no nor
Page 114 and 115: 90 The most southern tip of South A
Page 116 and 117: 92 islands. On Kerguelen and Crozet
Page 119: Figure 4.2. D. ANTARCTICA AT HEARD
Page 122 and 123: d e
Page 124 and 125: ~I 50
Page 126 and 127: WORLD DISTRIBUTION OF DlIRVILLAl!:A
Page 128 and 129: Figure 4.6. DISTRIBUTION OF D. ANTA
Page 130 and 131: 50 45 /" b WATER LOSS /0 EXPESSED A
Page 132 and 133: 102 In almost all the composite hol
Page 134 and 135: 104 confined to the merist.oderm, t
Page 136 and 137: 106 longe:r.: than D. anta:.r'ctica
Page 138 and 139: 108 This is not the only way that l
Page 140 and 141: 110 (iii) Cape form (Figs.3.9a,b: 5
Page 144 and 145: 114 'rable 5,3 Measurements of D. a
Page 146 and 147: 116 Subsequent reg~neration of shor
Page 148 and 149: 118 at the entran.ce to l-'Iilford
Page 150 and 151: 120 with increasing latitude. The i
Page 152 and 153: 1mm
Page 154 and 155: t lOO,AU".
Page 156 and 157: 30-60mins 2
Page 158: J I em IDem J ] 10 em ] IOcm 3-4 we
Page 161 and 162: f
Page 163 and 164: CJ) -0 I\) Q.. 60 50 Q 3 40 ~ ....
Page 166: Figure 5.9. CLIFF FACES AT TADTUKU.
Page 170: UNUSUAL STIPE FEATURES OF D. A GROW
Page 174 and 175: DEGREE OF LAMINA DIVIStON AND HONEY
Page 176 and 177: Figure 5.14. COMPARISONS OF SAMPLES
Page 178 and 179: 135 CHAPTER SlX REPRODUCTION AND PH
Page 180 and 181: 137 Hyphae invade the neck region o
Page 182 and 183: 'I'he reproductive period of D. wil
Page 184 and 185: 141 A large number of ova at 20°C
Page 186 and 187: 143 released in each of the three s
Page 188 and 189: Figure 6.1. DEVELOPMENT OF CONCEPTA
Page 190 and 191: Figure 6.2. REPRODUCTIVE PERIODICIT
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147 CHAPTER SEVEN GROWTH AND MORTAL
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149 (i) Holes punched longitudinall
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4 lSI growth in the length for the
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153 Table 7.5 Frequency of D. antaY
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155 Holdfast diameter increB,sed at
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157 7.5 MORTJ.l.LITY (a) Mortality
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159 seasonal pattern simila~ to tha
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161 A similar of small plants there
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! 6.0~ 5.8 Total 5.6 Ie ngth 5.4 (
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120 100 E E ~ 8 c ~6 ~ +- (I) ..n I
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202 t 1 2 J1cm 3 11 1c
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A Perce:n increase in diameter x lO
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60 Percentage increase 40 in length
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70 60 Percentage increase 40 in len
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il10rease 20 ill rot!)1 length. r '
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mortality 3 .' ' A , ••••
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5 4 Percent mottality:1 per month h
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60 50 2 :3 Plant length (metras) 5
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175 total length closely resembled
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177 sampling error l , and to elimi
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179 of the shoreline; a procedure r
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Figure 8.1. SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF A
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Figure 8.2. size at different seaso
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F i2..ur e 8. 3 • SEASONAL VARIAT
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(a) STORM DAMAGE TO A D. WILLANA BE
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186 clumps of Pachyme~ia ZU8oria, G
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HIB (continued) Species sp. 5P, Zin
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190 On areas cleared during spring
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192 mlportant cause was probably pr
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194 recoLonis of D.anta .. cticc't
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196 (d) Numex~cal density: While st
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198 Although the standing crop of D
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200 however 1 the articulated coral
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SUCCESSION ON AREAS CLEARED IN SPRI
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Figure 9.2. GROWTH IN LENGTH OF REC
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ANTARCTICA: confidence limits. GRCW
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Figure 9.5. KAIKOURA. STIPE GROWTH
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Figure 9.7. STIPE GROWTH OF RECOLON
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Figure 9.9. change in the stipe pro
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Figure 9.12. CHAOOE IN S1 ZE DISTRI
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Figure 9.13. Growth of ~ua1l « 0.5
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Figure 9.14. EXPERIMENTAL REMOVAL O
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213 pathway of Du~vittaea sp. ALLOP
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215 'co d:tying conditions than D.
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217 appears to be gl:eatly influenc
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219 tide. From Bayle's Law 1 the bl
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221 buoyancy. A highly honeycombed
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223 of D. antaratiaa across 25° of
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22S Hasegawa (1962) and Kat ... ash
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5 ..· 7 years old. Some were still
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229 . or combinations of species, p
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231 Harvesters will not cut all sma
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233 10.10 THE RESOURCE RELATIVE TO
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235 10.11 SUMMARY (1) Four DurviZZa
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237 (17) The mean standing crop of
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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TIME OF HARVES
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241 Batham, E.J, (1965). Rocky shor
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243 DaNson, E. Y. (1966). Marine bo
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Hooker, J.D. and Harvey, W.H. (1843
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247 Kuehnemann, O. (1970). Algunas
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249 Moore, L.B. and Cribb, A.S, (19
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251 Skottsberg, c. (1941). Communit
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253 Will. H. (1890). internationaZe
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255 APPENDIX ONE (CONTINUED) (b) DA
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257 APPENDIX TWO DIS'I'RteUTION REC
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259 APPENDI)( THREE DISTRIBUTIONAL
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261 APPFNDIX FOUR DRIFT RECORDS OF
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264 (i) Boil the dried kelp in a sa
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A biological study of Durvillaea antarctica (Chamisso) Hariot and D ...

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