A biological study of Durvillaea antarctica (Chamisso) Hariot and D ...

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27 CH/\P A TAXONOMIC AND NOMENCI .. ATURl\L REVHA.v OF DURVIDD!lEA BORY (PI-IAEOPHYTA: DURVILLAEALES PETROV) The genus DurvilZaea 1 was set up by Eory (1826a) with the s (p.192). coriace, se divisant en lanieres subulees, tubu1euses, recouvertes d'un distinct, et remplies pox une moel1e ce11uleuse de nature particuliere fort different de 1a substance de 1a , et assez, semblable a celIe de certains groB des marais" " The only mentioned was D. uf;ilis (Chamisso) since that time eleven hemisphere. is like D. have been attributed to this All have large leathery tha,lli and grow on e coasts the oceans of the southern An ion of the genus as nO\~ understood large, perennial, dioecious, divided, frequently into s terete or flattem~dr discoid, conical or dDmed; on both sides of the whole lamina; two transverse 'Vlith the central locule divided long i- tudinally so as to form four locules; absent; cells or localised merist:emat:i.c zones --,--,--,--,c.;=.~ ~~--'=- ~
Page 1 and 2: A BIOLOGICAL STODY OF AN'JlARCTICA
Page 3 and 4: j i "The seas: CCl1l1(2: running in
Page 5 and 6: v CHAPlEt( 7 8 9 10 t\ PPE ND ICES
Page 7 and 8: vii Fot' theil' effol"ts to obi;ain
Page 9 and 10: CHAPTER INTRODUCTION I acid and its
Page 11 and 12: 1 CHAPTER TWO MATERIALS AND METHODS
Page 13 and 14: (c) Standing crop Nas measured as w
Page 15 and 16: 7 the primary blade broke off. Furt
Page 17 and 18: 9 four sites: Areas 5b and 6b at 'f
Page 19 and 20: 1 t the rock surface. Area E (1 x 2
Page 21 and 22: 13 ____ ~ __ 2_._2 Scale of concept
Page 23 and 24: 15 added to the top of the tube. Th
Page 25 and 26: In addition, dai records of sea sta
Page 27 and 28: 19 The series of low ridges absorbs
Page 29: Figure 2.1. LOCATION OF PRINCIPAL S
Page 33: Figur.e 2.3. TAU'l'UKU STODY AREA.
Page 36 and 37: T fine cracks D
Page 38 and 39: 'to J ~" FMAMJ ASONDJ ASONDJ FMAMJ
Page 42 and 43: 28 IJuroillm:o differs from most fU
Page 44 and 45: 30 than plants in more cxpos ed pla
Page 46 and 47: 32 (d) There a.ce no receptacles; c
Page 48 and 49: 34 to slightly flattened, tapering
Page 50 and 51: 36 and less than 60 rom thick at ba
Page 52 and 53: 38 lithographer responsible for Mon
Page 54 and 55: 40 March 1976). There may be other
Page 56 and 57: 42 D. ha:rveyi are within the size
Page 58 and 59: 44 separate spacies. In 1921 Skotts
Page 60 and 61: 46 internal layer of large, empty,
Page 62 and 63: 48 to the base of paraphyses. Anthe
Page 64 and 65: 50 Large samples of D. antarctica a
Page 66 and 67: 52 A male plant (CHR 191678) and fr
Page 68 and 69: 54 several narrow whip-like thongs.
Page 70 and 71: a b c ,
Page 73: LAMINA SECTIONS OF D, HARVEYI AND D
Page 77: SECTIONS THROUGH THE LAMINAE OF NON
Page 81: SECTIONS THROUGH THE LAMINA OF D, C
Page 85 and 86: Figure 3.9. (a) Cape form D. antarc
Page 87 and 88: Sketch to sho\", the direction of s
Page 89 and 90: 65 CHAPTER FOUR DIS'l'RIBtJTION 4.1
Page 91 and 92:
67 (iii) Turbidity Despite the fact
Page 93 and 94:
69 such conditions do noi:. occur o
Page 95 and 96:
71 In addition to bccominq elevated
Page 97 and 98:
73 Result.s: Within a week all of t
Page 99 and 100:
75 below' the violent \..,ave actio
Page 101 and 102:
77 D. antarctica is aistributed aro
Page 103 and 104:
79 l\tlantic coast of 'rierra del F
Page 105 and 106:
81 (vii) South African Coast I have
Page 107 and 108:
83 (f) Chathctica. (a) Sea surface
Page 109 and 110:
85 uninhabited Ca) Sea surface temp
Page 111 and 112:
B7 its northern liroi t varies betw
Page 113 and 114:
89 would receive little sunlight, T
Page 115 and 116:
91 the huge populations of large li
Page 117:
Figure 4.1. DURVILLAEA HABITATS IN
Page 121 and 122:
HABITAT OF D. CHATHAMICA ON THE CHA
Page 123 and 124:
DISTRIBUTION OF D. ANTARCTICA AND D
Page 125 and 126:
02 101 lOa "~ ~ o ~ . ~ alt,ri"r 1.
Page 127 and 128:
"1 "0 ' ~-~ \ . ............. .. ..
Page 129 and 130:
300 Kilometres Va Ide l I'on o 44 C
Page 131 and 132:
101 CHAPTER FIVE MORPHOLOGY 5.1 INT
Page 133 and 134:
103 There is no evidence to suggest
Page 135 and 136:
105 Sporelings of both species deve
Page 137 and 138:
107 D. wilZana: Apart from obvious
Page 139 and 140:
109 where the impact force of waves
Page 141 and 142:
111 stipe length, holdfast diameter
Page 143 and 144:
113 It is possibl~ that this distal
Page 145 and 146:
115 attached more shallowly. It is
Page 147 and 148:
117 Mean measurements of an:ta'l'ot
Page 149 and 150:
119 An important feature concerning
Page 151 and 152:
Figure 5.1. COMPOSITE HOLDF ASTS
Page 153 and 154:
Figure 5.2. (a) Surface cell off D.
Page 155 and 156:
DEVELOPMENT OF D. ANTARCTICA (1) AN
Page 157 and 158:
Figure 5.4. DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF
Page 160 and 161:
MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION IN D. ANTAR
Page 162 and 163:
Fi~ure 5.7. MEASUREMENTS OF THREE D
Page 164:
Figure 5.8. DIFFERENT PHENOTYPES OF
Page 168:
Figure .5.10. AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH OF
Page 172:
Fi9:ur~ S .12. (a) The effect of fi
Page 175 and 176:
A (wave force v. strong) "I. n :: 2
Page 177 and 178:
E v
Page 179 and 180:
136 the darker granula.r protoplast
Page 181 and 182:
138 Conceptacles first appea.t in s
Page 183 and 184:
140 6" 4 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS POSS
Page 185 and 186:
142 (b) The exposure experiment: Ou
Page 187 and 188:
141 Al though lim i ted by the fae
Page 189 and 190:
of ostiole ]
Page 191 and 192:
100 Tal.ltukll Bo 40 100 Yalutllku
Page 193 and 194:
148 Table 7.1 Range of stipe length
Page 195 and 196:
150 holes of Oaro spec imens after
Page 197 and 198:
152 Table 7.4 lncrease in the lengt
Page 199 and 200:
154 analyses. Difficulties in taggi
Page 201 and 202:
156 (f) Regeneration: Nei ther spec
Page 203 and 204:
15S of the Ohau but these were easi
Page 205 and 206:
160 (b) At Parititahi, 80% of the t
Page 207 and 208:
Figure 7.1. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PL
Page 209 and 210:
Figure 7.2. HOLE PUNCHING EXPERIMEN
Page 211 and 212:
Figure 7.4. HOLE PUNClHNG EXPERIMEN
Page 213 and 214:
Figure 7.5. GROWTH OF MARK.ED D. AN
Page 215 and 216:
Figure 7.7. GROWTH OF MARKED D. ANT
Page 217 and 218:
Fi9uxe 7 .9. GROW~ OF MARKED D. ANT
Page 219 and 220:
Figure 7 .ll. UNDERSTOREY D. census
Page 221 and 222:
Figure 7.13. GROWTH OF D. ANTARCTIC
Page 223 and 224:
A: Small c: Entire MORTALITY OF MAR
Page 225 and 226:
, , Mean number of marked D. SEASON
Page 227 and 228:
174 CHAPTER EIGHT POPULATION STUDIE
Page 229 and 230:
176 seasonal pattern of grolJlth an
Page 231 and 232:
178 2 MeasuY@ments of standing crop
Page 233 and 234:
180 The two crop measurements obtai
Page 235 and 236:
50 .40 30 20 10 2 3 4 5 TOTAL LEN 6
Page 237 and 238:
30 Area 6, utuku 27 Feb'73 20 n '"
Page 239 and 240:
30 28 26 Standing 24_ c rap as 22 k
Page 242 and 243:
185 CHAPTE!~ NINE EXPERIMENTAL ~MOV
Page 244 and 245:
1B7 KEY -- R Rare. List of flora as
Page 246 and 247:
189 Almost ~lediately after D. anta
Page 248 and 249:
191 areal, but this was to be expec
Page 250 and 251:
193 9.3 Small recolonising D. visib
Page 252 and 253:
195 plants in adjacent control area
Page 254 and 255:
197 holdfasts and those which \tler
Page 256 and 257:
was heavily colonised~ On Area 7, f
Page 258 and 259:
201 9 . 6 SUMMARY OF RESOLTS D. ant
Page 260 and 261:
7 D
Page 262 and 263:
,.. , ~ 3.5 - . . Mean . length ..
Page 264 and 265:
12 10 Mean 8 fit 6 weight .4 x 100g
Page 266 and 267:
Stipe length & Stipe 2 l' Ime ( mar
Page 268 and 269:
12 3 24 3 N" ., J' 1 1",, _____ < .
Page 270 and 271:
Stipe as a % of total wgt. Slipe wg
Page 272 and 273:
d=I099/m 2 2\ Odober' 72 w IJj 0:::
Page 274 and 275:
'-,0 :
Page 279 and 280:
212 CHAPTER TEN DISCUSSION 10.1 SPE
Page 281 and 282:
214 of unknown nature, and by the p
Page 283 and 284:
216 half of ·the s uprali ttoral f
Page 285 and 286:
218 Attempts to cross ... fertilise
Page 287 and 288:
220 growth rate. D. anta~cti~a plan
Page 289 and 290:
222 and fo:t· many of them; the wo
Page 291 and 292:
224 than at Ohau Point where it is
Page 293 and 294:
Nave force inside the OhC!m Point c
Page 295 and 296:
V~riation in ~tanding crop with wav
Page 297 and 298:
230 10.9 Recolonisation by D. antar
Page 299 and 300:
232 kilometres of shore, or alterna
Page 301 and 302:
234 but it is a.lmost an underestim
Page 303 and 304:
~jb minimum age of a plant.. age. T
Page 305 and 306:
238 t.hen a longer. interval betwee
Page 308 and 309:
240 REFERENCES CITED Adams, N.M. (1
Page 310 and 311:
242 Chamberlain, Y.M. (1965). Marin
Page 312 and 313:
244 Fritsch, F.E. (1959) 0 The st~o
Page 314 and 315:
246 Kawashima, S. (1972). A study o
Page 316 and 317:
248 Lindauer, V.W'1 Chapman, V,J, a
Page 318 and 319:
250 Parke, N. (1949). Studies on Br
Page 320 and 321:
252 Suhr, J.N. von (1836), Beitrag
Page 322 and 323:
254 APPENDIX ONE SEA SURFACE TEMPER
Page 324 and 325:
256 APPENDIX ONE (CONTINUED) DATE M
Page 326 and 327:
258 APPENDIX TWO (48) Puysegur Pt.
Page 328 and 329:
260 APPENDIX THREE (CONTINUED) from
Page 330:
.; .; 262 APPENDIX FIVE LIST OF D,
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