A biological study of Durvillaea antarctica (Chamisso) Hariot and D ...

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235 10.11 SUMMARY (1) Four DurviZZaea species are recognised: D. potatorum (Labill.) Areschoug, D. antarctica (Chamisso) Hariot., D. IlYillana Lindauer and i:~ net·! species D. chathamica. The:r::e is insufficient eV'idence to tet:cd11. D. caepestipes (Mont.) Skottsbg. or D, harveyi as separate species. The three species with non buoyant blades are endenic either to Aus·tralia, New Zealand or the Chatharn and Antipodes Islands. D. antarctica, which is the only buoyant species, and capable of drifting vast distances, is circumpolar in its distribution. (2) A variety of physical and biological factors appears to dictate the ",orld distribution of Dul'villaea spp. Locally, wave force and a stable substratum are the most impo~tant factors limiting distribution laterallyo Vertically, intolerance of desiccation, grazing by limpets and the quality and quantity of light are the most important limiting factors. (3) The zonation of DurviZZaea spp. does not fit naturally into the universal zonation scheme proposed by Stephenson and Stephenson (1949j, but fits better into an amendment of their scheme proposed by Womersley and Edmonds (1952). (4) The morphology of three species studied is extre.mely plastic / and is 'co a large extent determined by wave force. In some areas fish grazing exerts a profound influence on the morphology of plantso Many species described in the literature are just phenotypic f.orms. (5) There is no localised meristem in D. antarctica and no apical or intercalary meristems in any Du~villaea 6PP, Growth of D. anta~otiaa increases distally along the blade. (6) There is some evidence of latitudinal vari,d::ion in the morphology of D. antarotica and D. wiUana 0 In general, size of plants increases southwards. D. anta:rotioa from'l'Jidely separated popula.tions exhibits light morphological differences. (7) Individual D. antarct~ca and D. wiZlana plants produce one crop of conceptacles each year more or less simul taneously over th(~ la.mina surface. Up to four concepi::.ac:le layers can be det.ected in the outer cortex of old plants, each layer representing one year's crop. Dark ba.nds are also formed annually in the outer cortex: and these, together t ... i th the conceptacle layers, may be used to obtaLn the
~jb minimum age of a plant.. age. They cannot be used to measure the ac'cual (8) In Ne," Zealand, i:he fruiting season of both D. antarctica and D. willana is in wintex' from April to August. There is sathE! evidence that the fruiti.ng season becomes more protracted, or at. least occurs later with increasing latitude. (9) Water ~emperature exerts some influence on the rate of release of ova and Qarly grov,th at germlings. (10) Growth rllte of D. antarctica :is fastest after the fruiting season, Le. in spd.ng and summer. (11) There is an inverse relationship between relative growth and plan-t size. Growth rates are highly variable, and depend greatly on the position that a plant occupies on the shore. Small understorey plants grow more slowly than small plants grmlling in openings in the kelp canopy. D. antapotioa specimens infected with the parasitic alga RerpodistYUs durviUeae grow more slowly than uninfected specimens. (12) Large runounts of lamina tissue are lost dis tally. Many large specimens lose tissue fas'ter than it is produced so thaJc their overall size decreases. (13) Mortality is highest in winter and early spring when sea conditions are roughest. On shores free from unstable rocks and boulders the largest and smallest size classes have the highest mortality rates. On coasts where 'abrasion by loose rocks and boulders is severe, mortality increases with size. (14) In virgin stands there. is little seasonal change in the size structure of the kelp population. There is no evidence of any large-scale recruitment of small plants either during or af.ter the frlli ting period 0 (15) There is a marked seasonal fluctuation in st.a,nalng crop. Standing crop is lowest in winter when net growt.h is sloNest, moxtality is highest and damage to fLonds is most severe o (16) Ther@ is a general trend for individual plant size to decrease with increasing \'lave force., bu-t for numerical density and standing crop to increc>_se over much of the gradient of increasing wave force"
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A BIOLOGICAL STODY OF AN'JlARCTICA
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j i "The seas: CCl1l1(2: running in
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v CHAPlEt( 7 8 9 10 t\ PPE ND ICES
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vii Fot' theil' effol"ts to obi;ain
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CHAPTER INTRODUCTION I acid and its
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1 CHAPTER TWO MATERIALS AND METHODS
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(c) Standing crop Nas measured as w
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7 the primary blade broke off. Furt
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9 four sites: Areas 5b and 6b at 'f
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1 t the rock surface. Area E (1 x 2
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13 ____ ~ __ 2_._2 Scale of concept
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15 added to the top of the tube. Th
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In addition, dai records of sea sta
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19 The series of low ridges absorbs
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Figure 2.1. LOCATION OF PRINCIPAL S
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Figur.e 2.3. TAU'l'UKU STODY AREA.
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T fine cracks D
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'to J ~" FMAMJ ASONDJ ASONDJ FMAMJ
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27 CH/\P A TAXONOMIC AND NOMENCI ..
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29 (i) Hol,dfast The external morph
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31 {c} The basic cellular arrangeme
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3.1 J03 TYPIFICATION (1) DUX'viUaea
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35 commanded on a scie:ntlfic voyag
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37 recently as 1921 (Cockayne 1921)
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stipe (less than 5 em long) and a h
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41 A TeD spccimclI annotated on the
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43 cortex (Figs 3.3a and 3.4e). Oth
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45 and states, "SaY'cophYCU8 simple
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47 holdfast,
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49 Table 3.1 Differences between Du
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51 General distribution: The Chatha
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53 7 ~) (a) Stipitate lateral lamin
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(a) Laminaria po~oidea in the Lamou
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of D. Hook.fil. 1845. TCD .3 in (c)
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LAMINA SECTIONS OF HERBARIUM SPECIM
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=.at.:;;;.;;;:.,;;;;....:....;,., .
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(b) (c) (d) SECTIONS THROUGH THE ME
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II I J c d
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f end of lamina or differentiated m
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66 that DurvilZaea extends several
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613 numerous narrow channels. On th
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70 from IVJLWS to a level between t
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72 within 0,3-0.5 m of the band. Th
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74 Some growing on crevices on the
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76 level of stl/ards of D. ar/"l;ar
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78
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80 algae except for those in crevic
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82 (d) Australia: D. potatoY'UflJ i
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84 d~stribution at species, winter
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86 several thousand miles. It is li
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80 (cl D. antarctica extends no nor
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90 The most southern tip of South A
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92 islands. On Kerguelen and Crozet
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Figure 4.2. D. ANTARCTICA AT HEARD
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d e
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~I 50
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WORLD DISTRIBUTION OF DlIRVILLAl!:A
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Figure 4.6. DISTRIBUTION OF D. ANTA
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50 45 /" b WATER LOSS /0 EXPESSED A
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102 In almost all the composite hol
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104 confined to the merist.oderm, t
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106 longe:r.: than D. anta:.r'ctica
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108 This is not the only way that l
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110 (iii) Cape form (Figs.3.9a,b: 5
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of antarctica across a 9 Sa 8 7 10
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114 'rable 5,3 Measurements of D. a
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116 Subsequent reg~neration of shor
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118 at the entran.ce to l-'Iilford
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120 with increasing latitude. The i
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1mm
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t lOO,AU".
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30-60mins 2
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J I em IDem J ] 10 em ] IOcm 3-4 we
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f
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CJ) -0 I\) Q.. 60 50 Q 3 40 ~ ....
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Figure 5.9. CLIFF FACES AT TADTUKU.
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UNUSUAL STIPE FEATURES OF D. A GROW
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DEGREE OF LAMINA DIVIStON AND HONEY
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Figure 5.14. COMPARISONS OF SAMPLES
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135 CHAPTER SlX REPRODUCTION AND PH
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137 Hyphae invade the neck region o
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'I'he reproductive period of D. wil
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141 A large number of ova at 20°C
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143 released in each of the three s
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Figure 6.1. DEVELOPMENT OF CONCEPTA
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Figure 6.2. REPRODUCTIVE PERIODICIT
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147 CHAPTER SEVEN GROWTH AND MORTAL
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149 (i) Holes punched longitudinall
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4 lSI growth in the length for the
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153 Table 7.5 Frequency of D. antaY
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155 Holdfast diameter increB,sed at
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157 7.5 MORTJ.l.LITY (a) Mortality
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159 seasonal pattern simila~ to tha
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161 A similar of small plants there
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! 6.0~ 5.8 Total 5.6 Ie ngth 5.4 (
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120 100 E E ~ 8 c ~6 ~ +- (I) ..n I
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202 t 1 2 J1cm 3 11 1c
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A Perce:n increase in diameter x lO
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60 Percentage increase 40 in length
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70 60 Percentage increase 40 in len
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il10rease 20 ill rot!)1 length. r '
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mortality 3 .' ' A , ••••
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5 4 Percent mottality:1 per month h
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60 50 2 :3 Plant length (metras) 5
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175 total length closely resembled
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177 sampling error l , and to elimi
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179 of the shoreline; a procedure r
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Figure 8.1. SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF A
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Figure 8.2. size at different seaso
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F i2..ur e 8. 3 • SEASONAL VARIAT
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(a) STORM DAMAGE TO A D. WILLANA BE
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186 clumps of Pachyme~ia ZU8oria, G
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HIB (continued) Species sp. 5P, Zin
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190 On areas cleared during spring
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192 mlportant cause was probably pr
Page 251 and 252: 194 recoLonis of D.anta .. cticc't
Page 253 and 254: 196 (d) Numex~cal density: While st
Page 255 and 256: 198 Although the standing crop of D
Page 257 and 258: 200 however 1 the articulated coral
Page 259 and 260: SUCCESSION ON AREAS CLEARED IN SPRI
Page 261 and 262: Figure 9.2. GROWTH IN LENGTH OF REC
Page 263 and 264: ANTARCTICA: confidence limits. GRCW
Page 265 and 266: Figure 9.5. KAIKOURA. STIPE GROWTH
Page 267 and 268: Figure 9.7. STIPE GROWTH OF RECOLON
Page 269 and 270: Figure 9.9. change in the stipe pro
Page 271 and 272: Figure 9.12. CHAOOE IN S1 ZE DISTRI
Page 273 and 274: Figure 9.13. Growth of ~ua1l « 0.5
Page 275: Figure 9.14. EXPERIMENTAL REMOVAL O
Page 280 and 281: 213 pathway of Du~vittaea sp. ALLOP
Page 282 and 283: 215 'co d:tying conditions than D.
Page 284 and 285: 217 appears to be gl:eatly influenc
Page 286 and 287: 219 tide. From Bayle's Law 1 the bl
Page 288 and 289: 221 buoyancy. A highly honeycombed
Page 290 and 291: 223 of D. antaratiaa across 25° of
Page 292 and 293: 22S Hasegawa (1962) and Kat ... ash
Page 294 and 295: 5 ..· 7 years old. Some were still
Page 296 and 297: 229 . or combinations of species, p
Page 298 and 299: 231 Harvesters will not cut all sma
Page 300 and 301: 233 10.10 THE RESOURCE RELATIVE TO
Page 304 and 305: 237 (17) The mean standing crop of
Page 306: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TIME OF HARVES
Page 309 and 310: 241 Batham, E.J, (1965). Rocky shor
Page 311 and 312: 243 DaNson, E. Y. (1966). Marine bo
Page 313 and 314: Hooker, J.D. and Harvey, W.H. (1843
Page 315 and 316: 247 Kuehnemann, O. (1970). Algunas
Page 317 and 318: 249 Moore, L.B. and Cribb, A.S, (19
Page 319 and 320: 251 Skottsberg, c. (1941). Communit
Page 321 and 322: 253 Will. H. (1890). internationaZe
Page 323 and 324: 255 APPENDIX ONE (CONTINUED) (b) DA
Page 325 and 326: 257 APPENDIX TWO DIS'I'RteUTION REC
Page 327 and 328: 259 APPENDI)( THREE DISTRIBUTIONAL
Page 329 and 330: 261 APPFNDIX FOUR DRIFT RECORDS OF
Page 332: 264 (i) Boil the dried kelp in a sa
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A biological study of Durvillaea antarctica (Chamisso) Hariot and D ...

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