A biological study of Durvillaea antarctica (Chamisso) Hariot and D ...

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223 of D. antaratiaa across 25° of latitude. 10.5 GROWTH Although the relative growth rate of a plant, as expressed here, is generally inversely proportional to its size, some small plants do grow quite slowly. These are understorey specimens, and their frequency in any sample greatly influences any mean measurement of growth. It is important to ascertain the frequency of understorey plants when comparing mean growth rates of different samples. They are more cammon on gently sloping shores than on steep shores. This together with the fact that the marked sample at Ohau Point was free of HeppodiacuB (other marked samples were heavily infected) accounts for faster mean growth rates being recorded on the steep slopes at Ohau Point, than on the more gentle slopes at Tautuku and Oaro. Seasonal changes in metabolic rate, and seasonal flUctuations in the amount of frond tissue lost by abrasion or breakage were responsible for the seasonal fluctuation in net growth of large D. antarotiaa at Tautuku and Ohau Point. There was a close relationship between vegetative growth rate and fruiting period. Declining net growth during au~umn and winter corresponded with the period when plant metabolism was largely concerned with production of gametes. Only after gametes were liberated did the vegetative growth rate begin to increase. Correlations between vegetative growth and reproductive periodicity have been reported for other large brown algae. Parke (1948) found that Laminaria sacaharina grew fastest between March and July (spring and early summer), and that least growth occurred during the reproductive period between October and March (late autumn and winter) . Similar observations were made by Hasegawa (1962) for Laminaria anguBtata Kjell. As a general rule, sea conditions at Tautuku and Ohau Point are roughest during winter, with some particularly severe storms occurring in late autumn and early spring. Damage to D. antarctica and D. wiZ,Z,ana fronds was most extensive at that time of the year. Results Clearly showed that mean frond length decreased over the winter. When HeppodiBCUB durviZ~eae dies down in late winter and early spring (August-September), it leaves weakened patches on fronds that tear easily dUring storms. Seasonal fluctuations in net growth of D. antaPctiaa are more marked at Tautuku where the parasite is common,
224 than at Ohau Point where it is found only rarely. Mean length of large D. antarotioa ut Tautuku decreased rapidly after March 1974, but the mean length of small specimens did not decline until after July (Fig. 7.13). This was because the specimens ~oJere afforded some shelter by the larger plants, until mid winter when many large plants were detached and most 'IIlere battered. Unlike specimens a'c Tautuku or Ohau Point, marked D. antCU'otiaa at Ocu:o gre"l more $lo~rly in SUll'IUler than in winter. This 'was because plants at Oaro Reef '
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A BIOLOGICAL STODY OF AN'JlARCTICA
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j i "The seas: CCl1l1(2: running in
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v CHAPlEt( 7 8 9 10 t\ PPE ND ICES
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vii Fot' theil' effol"ts to obi;ain
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CHAPTER INTRODUCTION I acid and its
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1 CHAPTER TWO MATERIALS AND METHODS
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(c) Standing crop Nas measured as w
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7 the primary blade broke off. Furt
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9 four sites: Areas 5b and 6b at 'f
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1 t the rock surface. Area E (1 x 2
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13 ____ ~ __ 2_._2 Scale of concept
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15 added to the top of the tube. Th
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In addition, dai records of sea sta
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19 The series of low ridges absorbs
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Figure 2.1. LOCATION OF PRINCIPAL S
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Figur.e 2.3. TAU'l'UKU STODY AREA.
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T fine cracks D
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'to J ~" FMAMJ ASONDJ ASONDJ FMAMJ
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27 CH/\P A TAXONOMIC AND NOMENCI ..
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29 (i) Hol,dfast The external morph
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31 {c} The basic cellular arrangeme
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3.1 J03 TYPIFICATION (1) DUX'viUaea
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35 commanded on a scie:ntlfic voyag
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37 recently as 1921 (Cockayne 1921)
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stipe (less than 5 em long) and a h
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41 A TeD spccimclI annotated on the
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43 cortex (Figs 3.3a and 3.4e). Oth
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45 and states, "SaY'cophYCU8 simple
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47 holdfast,
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49 Table 3.1 Differences between Du
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51 General distribution: The Chatha
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53 7 ~) (a) Stipitate lateral lamin
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(a) Laminaria po~oidea in the Lamou
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of D. Hook.fil. 1845. TCD .3 in (c)
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LAMINA SECTIONS OF HERBARIUM SPECIM
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=.at.:;;;.;;;:.,;;;;....:....;,., .
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(b) (c) (d) SECTIONS THROUGH THE ME
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II I J c d
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f end of lamina or differentiated m
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66 that DurvilZaea extends several
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613 numerous narrow channels. On th
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70 from IVJLWS to a level between t
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72 within 0,3-0.5 m of the band. Th
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74 Some growing on crevices on the
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76 level of stl/ards of D. ar/"l;ar
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78
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80 algae except for those in crevic
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82 (d) Australia: D. potatoY'UflJ i
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84 d~stribution at species, winter
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86 several thousand miles. It is li
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80 (cl D. antarctica extends no nor
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90 The most southern tip of South A
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92 islands. On Kerguelen and Crozet
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Figure 4.2. D. ANTARCTICA AT HEARD
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d e
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~I 50
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WORLD DISTRIBUTION OF DlIRVILLAl!:A
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Figure 4.6. DISTRIBUTION OF D. ANTA
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50 45 /" b WATER LOSS /0 EXPESSED A
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102 In almost all the composite hol
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104 confined to the merist.oderm, t
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106 longe:r.: than D. anta:.r'ctica
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108 This is not the only way that l
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110 (iii) Cape form (Figs.3.9a,b: 5
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of antarctica across a 9 Sa 8 7 10
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114 'rable 5,3 Measurements of D. a
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116 Subsequent reg~neration of shor
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118 at the entran.ce to l-'Iilford
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120 with increasing latitude. The i
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1mm
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t lOO,AU".
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30-60mins 2
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J I em IDem J ] 10 em ] IOcm 3-4 we
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f
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CJ) -0 I\) Q.. 60 50 Q 3 40 ~ ....
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Figure 5.9. CLIFF FACES AT TADTUKU.
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UNUSUAL STIPE FEATURES OF D. A GROW
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DEGREE OF LAMINA DIVIStON AND HONEY
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Figure 5.14. COMPARISONS OF SAMPLES
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135 CHAPTER SlX REPRODUCTION AND PH
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137 Hyphae invade the neck region o
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'I'he reproductive period of D. wil
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141 A large number of ova at 20°C
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143 released in each of the three s
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Figure 6.1. DEVELOPMENT OF CONCEPTA
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Figure 6.2. REPRODUCTIVE PERIODICIT
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147 CHAPTER SEVEN GROWTH AND MORTAL
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149 (i) Holes punched longitudinall
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4 lSI growth in the length for the
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153 Table 7.5 Frequency of D. antaY
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155 Holdfast diameter increB,sed at
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157 7.5 MORTJ.l.LITY (a) Mortality
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159 seasonal pattern simila~ to tha
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161 A similar of small plants there
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! 6.0~ 5.8 Total 5.6 Ie ngth 5.4 (
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120 100 E E ~ 8 c ~6 ~ +- (I) ..n I
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202 t 1 2 J1cm 3 11 1c
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A Perce:n increase in diameter x lO
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60 Percentage increase 40 in length
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70 60 Percentage increase 40 in len
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il10rease 20 ill rot!)1 length. r '
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mortality 3 .' ' A , ••••
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5 4 Percent mottality:1 per month h
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60 50 2 :3 Plant length (metras) 5
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175 total length closely resembled
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177 sampling error l , and to elimi
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179 of the shoreline; a procedure r
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Figure 8.1. SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF A
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Figure 8.2. size at different seaso
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F i2..ur e 8. 3 • SEASONAL VARIAT
Page 240: (a) STORM DAMAGE TO A D. WILLANA BE
Page 243 and 244: 186 clumps of Pachyme~ia ZU8oria, G
Page 245 and 246: HIB (continued) Species sp. 5P, Zin
Page 247 and 248: 190 On areas cleared during spring
Page 249 and 250: 192 mlportant cause was probably pr
Page 251 and 252: 194 recoLonis of D.anta .. cticc't
Page 253 and 254: 196 (d) Numex~cal density: While st
Page 255 and 256: 198 Although the standing crop of D
Page 257 and 258: 200 however 1 the articulated coral
Page 259 and 260: SUCCESSION ON AREAS CLEARED IN SPRI
Page 261 and 262: Figure 9.2. GROWTH IN LENGTH OF REC
Page 263 and 264: ANTARCTICA: confidence limits. GRCW
Page 265 and 266: Figure 9.5. KAIKOURA. STIPE GROWTH
Page 267 and 268: Figure 9.7. STIPE GROWTH OF RECOLON
Page 269 and 270: Figure 9.9. change in the stipe pro
Page 271 and 272: Figure 9.12. CHAOOE IN S1 ZE DISTRI
Page 273 and 274: Figure 9.13. Growth of ~ua1l « 0.5
Page 275: Figure 9.14. EXPERIMENTAL REMOVAL O
Page 280 and 281: 213 pathway of Du~vittaea sp. ALLOP
Page 282 and 283: 215 'co d:tying conditions than D.
Page 284 and 285: 217 appears to be gl:eatly influenc
Page 286 and 287: 219 tide. From Bayle's Law 1 the bl
Page 288 and 289: 221 buoyancy. A highly honeycombed
Page 292 and 293: 22S Hasegawa (1962) and Kat ... ash
Page 294 and 295: 5 ..· 7 years old. Some were still
Page 296 and 297: 229 . or combinations of species, p
Page 298 and 299: 231 Harvesters will not cut all sma
Page 300 and 301: 233 10.10 THE RESOURCE RELATIVE TO
Page 302 and 303: 235 10.11 SUMMARY (1) Four DurviZZa
Page 304 and 305: 237 (17) The mean standing crop of
Page 306: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TIME OF HARVES
Page 309 and 310: 241 Batham, E.J, (1965). Rocky shor
Page 311 and 312: 243 DaNson, E. Y. (1966). Marine bo
Page 313 and 314: Hooker, J.D. and Harvey, W.H. (1843
Page 315 and 316: 247 Kuehnemann, O. (1970). Algunas
Page 317 and 318: 249 Moore, L.B. and Cribb, A.S, (19
Page 319 and 320: 251 Skottsberg, c. (1941). Communit
Page 321 and 322: 253 Will. H. (1890). internationaZe
Page 323 and 324: 255 APPENDIX ONE (CONTINUED) (b) DA
Page 325 and 326: 257 APPENDIX TWO DIS'I'RteUTION REC
Page 327 and 328: 259 APPENDI)( THREE DISTRIBUTIONAL
Page 329 and 330: 261 APPFNDIX FOUR DRIFT RECORDS OF
Page 332: 264 (i) Boil the dried kelp in a sa
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A biological study of Durvillaea antarctica (Chamisso) Hariot and D ...

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