A biological study of Durvillaea antarctica (Chamisso) Hariot and D ...

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iv CON NTS CHAP R ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT 1 TION 1 2 XALS AND M 3 3 4 5 6 viii 2,1 INTRODUCTION 3 2.2 POPULA'i'ION AN1\LYSIS 4 2.3 MARKED PLANTS 6 2.4 EXPERIMENTAL 0 205 ASSESSMENT OF WAVE FORCE 15 2.6 DESCRIPTION OP ~~N STUDY AREAS 17 2,.7 MEASUREMENT OF TIDE LEVELS AND SALINITY. 20 A TAXONOMIC AND REVIEW OF BORY 3.1 INTRODUCTION 302 SPECIFIC CRITERIA 3. 3 TYPIFICA'rION 3.4 KEY TO THE SPECIES OF DURVILLAEA 3.5 NOTES ON OBSCURE RECORDS 3.6 CONCLUSIONS DIS IBUTION 4.1 INTRODUCTION 4,2 FACTORS RESPONSIBLE POR THE LOCAL DISTRIBUTION OF 4.3 DISTRIBUTION OF DURVILLAEA IN NEW ZEALAND SPECIES
v CHAPlEt( 7 8 9 10 t\ PPE ND ICES 1 2 3 4 5 6 GHOWTl i AND MORTAL lTV 701 INTRODOCTION 7.2 GHOWTH 7.3 MORTAUTY 7" 4 SUMrvm.RY OF RESULTS POPUl.ATION STUDI PAGE 147 147 1 160 174 8.1 INTRODUCTION 174 8.2 POPULATION STRUCTURE 174 8.3 SEASONAL FLUCTUATION IN s'rAl\IDING CROP OF D. ANTARC'l'ICA 175 8.4 EFFECT OF WAVE FORCE ON NUME1UCAL DENSITY ,n,ND STANDING CHOP OF ANTARCTICA 176 8 ~ 5 S'l'ANDING CROP EXPRESSED IN TERMS OF SHORE LENGTH 8.6 STANDING CROP OF EXPERIMENTAL REMOVAL I MPL I 1 DURVILLAEA J.\ND 178 180 185 9.1 INTRODUCTION 185 9.2 THE EFFECTS OF HARVESTING DURVrLLAEA 185 9.3 GROWTH AND RECOLONISIMG PLANTS 193 9.4 EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT HARVESTING TECHNIQUES 196 9" 5 EXPERINENTAL REMOVAL OF D. 199 9.6 SUMMARY OF RESULTS 201 DISCUSSION 10.1 SPECIATION 10.2 DISTRIBUTION 10.3 MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION AND HAJ3ITAT DIVERSITY 10.4 REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY 10.5 GROWTH 0.6 MORTALITY 10,7 REMARKS CONCERNING LONGEVITY 212 212 214 216 222 223 225 226 10,8 POPULATION STUDIES 227 10.9 INTERPRETATION OF HARVESTING EXPERIMEN'rS 230 10.10 THE RESOURCE REW\TIVE TO INDUSTRIAL 233 10.11 SUMMARY 235 R N CIT S E TEMPERATURE Dl IBurION RECORDS IN NEW LAND D I STR I BUT ION RECORDS IN UTH N SQUTI-j AfvlERI CA l)R I PT RECORDS UST OF US OF D. ANTARCTICA SJ).MPLES 254 257 259 261 262 263
Page 1 and 2: A BIOLOGICAL STODY OF AN'JlARCTICA
Page 3: j i "The seas: CCl1l1(2: running in
Page 7 and 8: vii Fot' theil' effol"ts to obi;ain
Page 9 and 10: CHAPTER INTRODUCTION I acid and its
Page 11 and 12: 1 CHAPTER TWO MATERIALS AND METHODS
Page 13 and 14: (c) Standing crop Nas measured as w
Page 15 and 16: 7 the primary blade broke off. Furt
Page 17 and 18: 9 four sites: Areas 5b and 6b at 'f
Page 19 and 20: 1 t the rock surface. Area E (1 x 2
Page 21 and 22: 13 ____ ~ __ 2_._2 Scale of concept
Page 23 and 24: 15 added to the top of the tube. Th
Page 25 and 26: In addition, dai records of sea sta
Page 27 and 28: 19 The series of low ridges absorbs
Page 29: Figure 2.1. LOCATION OF PRINCIPAL S
Page 33: Figur.e 2.3. TAU'l'UKU STODY AREA.
Page 36 and 37: T fine cracks D
Page 38 and 39: 'to J ~" FMAMJ ASONDJ ASONDJ FMAMJ
Page 41 and 42: 27 CH/\P A TAXONOMIC AND NOMENCI ..
Page 43 and 44: 29 (i) Hol,dfast The external morph
Page 45 and 46: 31 {c} The basic cellular arrangeme
Page 47 and 48: 3.1 J03 TYPIFICATION (1) DUX'viUaea
Page 49 and 50: 35 commanded on a scie:ntlfic voyag
Page 51 and 52: 37 recently as 1921 (Cockayne 1921)
Page 53 and 54: stipe (less than 5 em long) and a h
Page 55 and 56:
41 A TeD spccimclI annotated on the
Page 57 and 58:
43 cortex (Figs 3.3a and 3.4e). Oth
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45 and states, "SaY'cophYCU8 simple
Page 61 and 62:
47 holdfast,
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49 Table 3.1 Differences between Du
Page 65 and 66:
51 General distribution: The Chatha
Page 67 and 68:
53 7 ~) (a) Stipitate lateral lamin
Page 69 and 70:
(a) Laminaria po~oidea in the Lamou
Page 71:
of D. Hook.fil. 1845. TCD .3 in (c)
Page 75:
LAMINA SECTIONS OF HERBARIUM SPECIM
Page 79:
=.at.:;;;.;;;:.,;;;;....:....;,., .
Page 83:
(b) (c) (d) SECTIONS THROUGH THE ME
Page 86 and 87:
II I J c d
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f end of lamina or differentiated m
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66 that DurvilZaea extends several
Page 92 and 93:
613 numerous narrow channels. On th
Page 94 and 95:
70 from IVJLWS to a level between t
Page 96 and 97:
72 within 0,3-0.5 m of the band. Th
Page 98 and 99:
74 Some growing on crevices on the
Page 100 and 101:
76 level of stl/ards of D. ar/"l;ar
Page 102 and 103:
78
Page 104 and 105:
80 algae except for those in crevic
Page 106 and 107:
82 (d) Australia: D. potatoY'UflJ i
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84 d~stribution at species, winter
Page 110 and 111:
86 several thousand miles. It is li
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80 (cl D. antarctica extends no nor
Page 114 and 115:
90 The most southern tip of South A
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92 islands. On Kerguelen and Crozet
Page 119:
Figure 4.2. D. ANTARCTICA AT HEARD
Page 122 and 123:
d e
Page 124 and 125:
~I 50
Page 126 and 127:
WORLD DISTRIBUTION OF DlIRVILLAl!:A
Page 128 and 129:
Figure 4.6. DISTRIBUTION OF D. ANTA
Page 130 and 131:
50 45 /" b WATER LOSS /0 EXPESSED A
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102 In almost all the composite hol
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104 confined to the merist.oderm, t
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106 longe:r.: than D. anta:.r'ctica
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108 This is not the only way that l
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110 (iii) Cape form (Figs.3.9a,b: 5
Page 142 and 143:
of antarctica across a 9 Sa 8 7 10
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114 'rable 5,3 Measurements of D. a
Page 146 and 147:
116 Subsequent reg~neration of shor
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118 at the entran.ce to l-'Iilford
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120 with increasing latitude. The i
Page 152 and 153:
1mm
Page 154 and 155:
t lOO,AU".
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30-60mins 2
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J I em IDem J ] 10 em ] IOcm 3-4 we
Page 161 and 162:
f
Page 163 and 164:
CJ) -0 I\) Q.. 60 50 Q 3 40 ~ ....
Page 166:
Figure 5.9. CLIFF FACES AT TADTUKU.
Page 170:
UNUSUAL STIPE FEATURES OF D. A GROW
Page 174 and 175:
DEGREE OF LAMINA DIVIStON AND HONEY
Page 176 and 177:
Figure 5.14. COMPARISONS OF SAMPLES
Page 178 and 179:
135 CHAPTER SlX REPRODUCTION AND PH
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137 Hyphae invade the neck region o
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'I'he reproductive period of D. wil
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141 A large number of ova at 20°C
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143 released in each of the three s
Page 188 and 189:
Figure 6.1. DEVELOPMENT OF CONCEPTA
Page 190 and 191:
Figure 6.2. REPRODUCTIVE PERIODICIT
Page 192 and 193:
147 CHAPTER SEVEN GROWTH AND MORTAL
Page 194 and 195:
149 (i) Holes punched longitudinall
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4 lSI growth in the length for the
Page 198 and 199:
153 Table 7.5 Frequency of D. antaY
Page 200 and 201:
155 Holdfast diameter increB,sed at
Page 202 and 203:
157 7.5 MORTJ.l.LITY (a) Mortality
Page 204 and 205:
159 seasonal pattern simila~ to tha
Page 206 and 207:
161 A similar of small plants there
Page 208 and 209:
! 6.0~ 5.8 Total 5.6 Ie ngth 5.4 (
Page 210 and 211:
120 100 E E ~ 8 c ~6 ~ +- (I) ..n I
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202 t 1 2 J1cm 3 11 1c
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A Perce:n increase in diameter x lO
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60 Percentage increase 40 in length
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70 60 Percentage increase 40 in len
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il10rease 20 ill rot!)1 length. r '
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mortality 3 .' ' A , ••••
Page 224 and 225:
5 4 Percent mottality:1 per month h
Page 226 and 227:
60 50 2 :3 Plant length (metras) 5
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175 total length closely resembled
Page 230 and 231:
177 sampling error l , and to elimi
Page 232 and 233:
179 of the shoreline; a procedure r
Page 234 and 235:
Figure 8.1. SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF A
Page 236 and 237:
Figure 8.2. size at different seaso
Page 238 and 239:
F i2..ur e 8. 3 • SEASONAL VARIAT
Page 240:
(a) STORM DAMAGE TO A D. WILLANA BE
Page 243 and 244:
186 clumps of Pachyme~ia ZU8oria, G
Page 245 and 246:
HIB (continued) Species sp. 5P, Zin
Page 247 and 248:
190 On areas cleared during spring
Page 249 and 250:
192 mlportant cause was probably pr
Page 251 and 252:
194 recoLonis of D.anta .. cticc't
Page 253 and 254:
196 (d) Numex~cal density: While st
Page 255 and 256:
198 Although the standing crop of D
Page 257 and 258:
200 however 1 the articulated coral
Page 259 and 260:
SUCCESSION ON AREAS CLEARED IN SPRI
Page 261 and 262:
Figure 9.2. GROWTH IN LENGTH OF REC
Page 263 and 264:
ANTARCTICA: confidence limits. GRCW
Page 265 and 266:
Figure 9.5. KAIKOURA. STIPE GROWTH
Page 267 and 268:
Figure 9.7. STIPE GROWTH OF RECOLON
Page 269 and 270:
Figure 9.9. change in the stipe pro
Page 271 and 272:
Figure 9.12. CHAOOE IN S1 ZE DISTRI
Page 273 and 274:
Figure 9.13. Growth of ~ua1l « 0.5
Page 275:
Figure 9.14. EXPERIMENTAL REMOVAL O
Page 280 and 281:
213 pathway of Du~vittaea sp. ALLOP
Page 282 and 283:
215 'co d:tying conditions than D.
Page 284 and 285:
217 appears to be gl:eatly influenc
Page 286 and 287:
219 tide. From Bayle's Law 1 the bl
Page 288 and 289:
221 buoyancy. A highly honeycombed
Page 290 and 291:
223 of D. antaratiaa across 25° of
Page 292 and 293:
22S Hasegawa (1962) and Kat ... ash
Page 294 and 295:
5 ..· 7 years old. Some were still
Page 296 and 297:
229 . or combinations of species, p
Page 298 and 299:
231 Harvesters will not cut all sma
Page 300 and 301:
233 10.10 THE RESOURCE RELATIVE TO
Page 302 and 303:
235 10.11 SUMMARY (1) Four DurviZZa
Page 304 and 305:
237 (17) The mean standing crop of
Page 306:
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TIME OF HARVES
Page 309 and 310:
241 Batham, E.J, (1965). Rocky shor
Page 311 and 312:
243 DaNson, E. Y. (1966). Marine bo
Page 313 and 314:
Hooker, J.D. and Harvey, W.H. (1843
Page 315 and 316:
247 Kuehnemann, O. (1970). Algunas
Page 317 and 318:
249 Moore, L.B. and Cribb, A.S, (19
Page 319 and 320:
251 Skottsberg, c. (1941). Communit
Page 321 and 322:
253 Will. H. (1890). internationaZe
Page 323 and 324:
255 APPENDIX ONE (CONTINUED) (b) DA
Page 325 and 326:
257 APPENDIX TWO DIS'I'RteUTION REC
Page 327 and 328:
259 APPENDI)( THREE DISTRIBUTIONAL
Page 329 and 330:
261 APPFNDIX FOUR DRIFT RECORDS OF
Page 332:
264 (i) Boil the dried kelp in a sa
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