Pronomen Abundans and Pronomen Coniunctum. A ... - DWC

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20 PRONOMEN ABUNDANS AND PRONOMEN CONIUNCTUM elç ÈJ-lè ... , 7w-raJ-lOi È" 7:fjç "otAlaç aV7:0V éevO'ovO't'P 41 • This use of the pers. pronoun occurs even in Ancient Greek 42. Such a pronoun is also placed, when its grammatical function is not so clear, i.e. in cases where it repeats a participle or substantive which is already standing in the correct case 43. Some .scholars viewed this as an example of Semitic influence 44, but this opinion has been rejected 45. Now it is recognized as a characteristic of Greek itself (it occurred already in Ancient Greek, but far less frequently 46), but again scholars are too much inclined to limit its use to common speech 47. It is also found in texts which usually are not considered "vulgar" texts, as, for instance, Diodorus 48 and Aeneas Tacticus 49. Here follow some examples. Diod. IV 40,1 IIeei éJè nvv > Aeyovav7:wv ... ol"ûov av et'fj éJte).f)eiv :7teei aV7:wv. Epict., Diatr. III 1,22 ovéJè yàe UOV7:t 7:0 7:VXOV {JotéJwv 7:0AJ-lfi. àv7:tO'7:fjva, av7:Cp. Aen. Tact. XI 7 ... avéJeaç éJVo ... :7toAeJ-llovç avnp "afHO'7:'fjO't'P aV7:ovç ... P. Mich. Zen. 29 (256 B.C.) 7:0V bè :7tWAOV aV7:fjç MOO'UtAW O'Ot aV7:6v. P. Oxy. II 299 (I A.D.) AáJ-l:7twvt J-lvo-&rje8V7:fi léJw"a aV7:qJ .•• P. Gen. 56,30 (IV A.D.) ee6éJweov eveov eV7:6v ... Gest. Pil. 13,2 ijJ-lÛç à'XoVO'aJ-lev 87:t 7:0V ah'fjO'áJ-levov 7:0 O'wJ-la 7:0V > I'fjO'ov Ève'XAelO'au a V 7: 6 v. Is there any correlation between this kind of resumptive pronoun and the pronomen abundans ? Kühner-Gerth 50 say that it is used for clearness' sake (when, for instance, the sentence is interrupted by another sentence) and for reasons of rhetorical emphasis. In 1.6 we have observed that the pronomen abundans is used for the same reasons. But does what is said by Kühner-Gerth about Ancient Greek also apply to the use of this idiom in the Koine? The answer can be positive, for, looking, for instance, at the quotation from Epictetus (lIl 1,22) ovéJè yà(! UOll7:t 7:0 7:VXOV {JotéJtOll 7:0AJ-lfi. àll7:tO'7:fjllat aV7:qJ, we may say that there is actually astrong emphasis 41 For more examples see Blass-Debrunner, § 466,4 and Ljungvik, Beitr., p. 8. 42 See Kühner-Gerth I1, pp. 105 ff. 43 See Jannaris, § 1401, Ljungvik, Beitr., pp. 6-8 and Blass-Debrunner, § 297. 44 See Wolf, p . 13 and Mitsakis, p. 90. 45 See Moulton, Proleg., p . 85 and Robertson, p. 683. 46 SM Kühner-Gerth I, pp. 66(}-1. 47 See Olsson, p. 207, Mayser II 1, pp. 63-4 and Lj ungvik , Stud., pp. 27-8. See also Gignac, who first (p. 149) mentions it as a feature of common speech, but later (p. 151) says that it "might receive a more adequate explanation as a tendency inherent in Greek furthered by interference from Coptic, in which such a word order is common". One may have to reckon with such influences, but it is good to point out here that in early Modern Greek (see II 4.2.4.4.1) as weIl as in present.day colloquial speech (SM Tzarlzanos, § 52,1) this phenomenon is quite common. 48 See Palm, p. 77. 49 See Behrendt, pp. 111-2. 50 Kühner-Gerth I, p. 660. See quotation in 1.6.
PRONOMEN ABUNDANS AND PRONOMEN CONIUNCTUM 21 on the word À.éOVTt. The answer, however, mayalso be negative: noticing how many more cases are found in the Koine than in Ancient Greek - the difference in number being so great indeed that a comparison between the two seems almost ridiculous -, one has to admit that in the Koine something else is going on. The idiom has spread so far that one, while reading certain texts, can hardly avoid the impression that at that time people had the idea that each verb had to be supplied with an object and each noun with a possessive genitive, especially when the actual object or possessor was placed at the beginning ofthe sentence. Apparently people were not able any longer to span great distances in a sentence and thus put close together everything that belonged to each other, even when this only could be reached by repetition. Another cause, closely connected with the preceding one, may have been the shift in wordorder which began during the period of the Koine. A treatise on this subject, however, would lead us too far 51. Let us now return to our question whether this kind ofresumpt. pronoun and the pronomen alJundans are in some way correlated. Blass-Debrunner associate the two idioms with each other, for they say, speaking of the pronomen abundans 52 : "Verwandt ist das pleonastische Pron. pers. nach einem Ptz., das einem Relativsatz gleichwertig ist", mentioning as one of their examples Apoc. 2.17 and 17 up Vl"WVTt, M)(J()) avnp. It does not make any difference, I think, whether the first word of the sentence is a participle or a noun. It is important that both of them are nouns, standing at the beginning of the sentence. And thus we see two idioms: in the one the senten ce begins with arelat. pronoun, in the other with a noun, both of them being resumed by a pers. pronoun. The two look very similar, and yet people living at that time do not seem to have seen a correlation between them. How do we know that? The answer can be very simpie: if they had seen a correlation between the two, why does the number of 51 See Hjalmar Frisk, Studien zur griechischen Wortstellung, Göteborgs Högskolas Ársskrift 39 (1933,1). In this study Frisk shows by means of statistical tables that in the Koine the wordorder object.predicate was preferred, whereas in Ancient Greek this was exactly the opposite. In classical authors Frisk found for the sequence predicate-object percentages ranging from 23,9 to 51,6%, but in Polybius 50% and in Matthew even 77,8%. One of the consequences of th is shift may have been that, when in the Koine for some reason or other the object, instead of being placed af ter the verb, was put at the beginning of the sentence, people were inclined to repeat this object af ter the verb by means of a pers. pronoun. There is reason to think that this supposition is correct, but we cannot be sure until the wordorder of more Koine-texts has been studied. It is a fact that in texts of the 12th and following centuries the sequence predicate-object as weIl as the repetition of the object by means of a pers. pronoun (in cases where the other sequence is chosen) appears to have become a rule instead of a tendency. For the situation on this point in Modern Greek see Tzartzanos, § 84,2, and for the phenomenon in general, Bakker, Ontwikkeling, pp. 170-1. 52 Blass-Debrunner, § 297.
Page 1 and 2: VERHANDELINGEN DER KONINKLIJKE NEDE
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1. Definition
Page 5 and 6: PRONOMEN ABUNDANS AND PRONOMEN CONI
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Page 10 and 11: 10 PRONOMEN ABUNDANS AND PRONOMEN O
Page 12 and 13: 12 PRONOMEN ABUNDANS AND PRONOMEN C
Page 14 and 15: 14 PRONOMEM ABUNDANS AND PRONOMEN C
Page 22 and 23: 22 PRONOMEN AlIUNDANS AND PRONOMEN
Page 24 and 25: 24 l'RONOMEN ABUNDANS AND PRONOMEN
Page 52 and 53: 52 PRONOMEN ABUNDANS AND PRONOMEM C
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70 PRONOMEN ABUNDANS AND PRONOMEN C
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PART III BYZANTINE PERIOD 1. INTROD
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92 PRONOMEM ABUNDANS AND PRONOMEN C
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94 PRONOMEN ABUNDANS AND PRONOMEM C
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98 PRONOMEN ABUNDAN8 AND PRONOMEN C
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100 PRONOMEN ABUNDANS AND PRONOMEN
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS A. TEXTS Achi
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