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30 PRONOMEN ABUNDANS AND PRONOMEN CONIDNCTUM 2.3.2.1. Polybius has on his account more than 40% of the instances of the pronomen abundans found in the Koine. It is logical, therefore, to see fust if we can discover kis special reasons for using it. One remark, however, should precede: if one should have the impression that Polybius used the pronomen abundans very frequently, he is only partly right. Forty % is much, but if one takes into account the fact that Polybius has astrong inclination to use relat. connection 80 and set phrases like !5tO and ö#ev, it is rather surprising that not more examples are found. As to Polybius the following observations can be made: 1. Polybius' sentence structure and style are generally characterized by his ambition to be clear. One feels that he is always trying to mark very strongly the relations between the sentences. This brings him to using demonstr. pronouns at the beginning of the sentence. Kaelker mentions some examples 81: V 10,3 . .. f-téx(!t -rov-rov noÄ.ef-twv "ai cptÄ.ovet"wv, lwç -rov Ä.afJelv àcpo(!f-táç. IX 32,11 ... vnè(! av-rov -rov-rov neneu:1f-tÉvot !5eiv TJf-täç notela#at -rovç Myovç, vnè(! -rov &t:~at &6n ... It is understandable why the language of Polybius has always been compared with the language used by officials, the official style ("Kanzleisprache") 82: these people, too, are fond of clearness and exactness. Polybius' style, in short, makes an impression of extravagance upon us 83. 2. In this way Polybius' fondness of the relat. connection can also be explained 84: it is a very clear method of indicating that two sentences belong together. And on the other hand, it marks, especially when a pronomen abundans follows, the beginning of the clauses very strongly. 3. In almost all the examples the pronomen abundans follows a set phrase, a prepositional clause 85. It is possible that these set phrases had been and were used so of ten that they gradually grew weaker in meaning and function and were reduced to mere connectives 86. This may be true, but then it becomes rather problematic why this weakening should have been feIt by Polybius and not by a man as Diodorus (or Agatharchidas, for that matter 87)! And if Polybius had been aware of this, would he not have used the pronomen abundans hundreds of times instead of a mere 11, 80 See 2.1.2.3. 81 KooIker, p . 274. 82 See Kaelker, pp. 298-9, Palm, pp. 175--6 and Lesky, p. 830: "Hinter dem Stil des Polybius steht die Sprache der hellenistischen Kanzlei, wie sie sich in der Zeit der Koine zu einem Instrument umständlichen und auf Genauigkeit bedachten Aktenverkehr entwickelt hat". 83 See 2.2.3.1 and note 69. 84 See 2.1.2.3. 85 Robertson (pp. 721-2) makes the same observation with regard to the NT: "Some of the abbreviated prepositional clauses come to be used at the beginning of principal sentences like the free use of conjunctions and relatives". Cf. also Palm, pp. 68-9. 86 See 2.1.2.2. 87 See Palm, pp. 68-70.
PRONOMEN ABUNDANS AND PRONOMEN CONIUNCTUM 31 he, the man who did not fear redundant phrases, but was af raid of indistinctness ? It may be concluded that Polybius forms a special case: he made an extreme use of the pronomen abundans, an idiom which in Ancient Greek texts was used only in a few special cases and which occurred only seldom in the writings of authors of his own period and of later times. He must have written them down, stimulated by his fondness of marking clearly and distinctly the connections between his long, interminabIe sentences 88. 2.3.2.2. The three other instanees trom literary texts look very much alike, as we have already observed in 2.2.3.4. In CaU., Epigr. 42,3 as weIl as in Anth. Pal. VII 72 (both in 2.2.3.2) and Pausan. II 4,6 (2.2.3.4) the relat. clause is split into two parts by means of flèv and bi. There seem to be no special reasons why a pronomen abundans should be used. In the example from Pausanias its presence may be caused by the bipartition of the relat. clause: in this way the two names are more conspicuous. In the two other instances the pronomen abundans points to the antecedent and strongly marks the connection between it and the relat. clause. It must be admitted, however, that one almost gets the impression that these are not cases of a connection of two principal sentences, but rather of arelat. clause made independent, and thus more conspicuous, by means of a pronomen abundans. 2.3.2.3. In "Fachprosa" only two genuine examples have been found: Ped. Dioscur. III 8,1 and I 1,1 (both in 2.2.3.3). The second one is obviously a case of fear of indistinctness : the phrase &à T~V 7WtUtAtav recapitulates once again the antecedent and indicates the point of comparison with great exactness. As to the first example, no special reasons can be found. It is one of those examples where the difference with Ancient Greek cases becomes obvious and where one becomes aware of a possible weakening of the relat. pronoun. 2.3.2.4. In the papyri seven instances have been found. The one, discussed in 2.2.3.2 (P. Petr. II 13,19) is a clear example of fear of indistinctness and may be compared with Pedo Dioscur. I 1,1, mentioned above. In P. Oxy. I 95,16 (see 2.2.1) we find an example where the presence of the pronomen abundans gives great emphasis to the antecedent and its qualities. With regard to two other examples, P. Amh. II 77,25 ff. and B.G.U. I 330, discussed in 2.2.1, we arrived at the conclusion that the presence of the pronomen abundans might be caused by some sort of emotional stress upon what is denoted by the relat. pronoun. Tabachovitz holds a different view. Speaking of the example in P. Amh. II 77,25 ff. and comparing it with Ancient Greek cases, he says 89: "Eine Konstruktion wie one(! 88 Cf. Palm, p. 113, where he characterizes Polybius' sentences as "Mastodontbildungen" , this in contradistinction with the sentences of Diodorus. 89 Tabachovitz, LXX und N.T., p. 105.
Page 1 and 2: VERHANDELINGEN DER KONINKLIJKE NEDE
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1. Definition
Page 5 and 6: PRONOMEN ABUNDANS AND PRONOMEN CONI
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Page 14 and 15: 14 PRONOMEM ABUNDANS AND PRONOMEN C
Page 22 and 23: 22 PRONOMEN AlIUNDANS AND PRONOMEN
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PART III BYZANTINE PERIOD 1. INTROD
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82 PRONOMEN ABUNDANS AND PRONOMEN C
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92 PRONOMEM ABUNDANS AND PRONOMEN C
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94 PRONOMEN ABUNDANS AND PRONOMEM C
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98 PRONOMEN ABUNDAN8 AND PRONOMEN C
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100 PRONOMEN ABUNDANS AND PRONOMEN
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS A. TEXTS Achi
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