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the 32 analyzed elements, with Ti being the only exception. Element concentrations in CRMs measured at JUB also agree well with recent published studies that focused on similar trace metals, and that used similar analytical methods. While the task of ensuring accuracy in analytical data is a continuous process, it is concluded that the ICPMS methods described here are suitable for reproducibly determining highly precise and accurate trace element data in a variety of geologic materials. 55
References Abbey S., McLeod C.R., and Liang-Guo W. (1983) FeR-1, FeR-2, FeR-3, and FeR-4 four Canadian iron-formation samples prepared for use as reference materials. Geol. Sur. Canada paper 83-19. Baker J.A., Waight T., and Ulfbeck D. (2002) Rapid and highly reproducible analysis of rare earth elements by multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 66, 3635-3646. Barrat J.A., Boulègue J.J., Tiercelin J.-J., and Lesourd M. (2000) Strontium isotopes and rareearth element geochemistry of hydrothermal carbonate deposits from Lake Tanganyika, East Africa. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 64, 287-298. Bédard L.P. and Barnes S.-J. (2002) A comparison of N-type semi-planar and coaxial INAA detectors for 33 geochemical reference samples. J. Radioanalytical Nuclear Chem., 254, 485-497. Bolhar R., Kamber B.S., Moorbath S., Fedo C.M., and Whitehouse M.J. (2004) Characterisation of early Archaean chemical sediments by trace element signatures. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 222, 43-60. Dai Kin F., Prudêncio M.I., Gouveia M.A., and Magnusson E. (1999) Determination of rare earth elements in geological reference materials: A comparative study by INAA and ICP-MS. Geostand. Newsletter, 23, 47-58. Doherty W. (1989) An internal standardization procedure for the determination of yttrium and the rare earth elements in geological materials by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Spectrochim. Acta, 44B, 263-280. Dulski P. (1994) Interferences of oxide, hydroxide and chloride analyte species in the determination of rare earth elements in geological samples by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 350, 194-203. Dulski P. (2001) Reference materials for geochemical studies: new analytical data by ICP-MS and critical discussion of reference values. Geostand. Newsletter, 25, 87-125. Eggins S.M. (2003) Laser ablation ICP-MS analysis of geological materials prepared as lithium borate glasses. Geostand. Newsletter, 27, 147-162. Faure G. (1986) Principles of Isotope Geology. John Wiley and Sons, New York. Flem B. and Bédard L.P. (2002) Determination of trace elements in BCS CRM 313/1 (BAS) and NIST SRM 1830 by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and instrumental neutron activation analysis. Geostand. Newsletter, 26, 287-300. Garbe-Schönberg C.-D. (1993) Simultaneous determination of thirty-seven trace elements in twenty-eight international rock standards by ICP-MS. Geostand. Newsletter, 17, 81- 97. Govindaraju K. (1994) 1994 compilation of working values and sample descriptions for 383 geostandards. Geostand. Newsletter, 18, 1-158. 56
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Iron sedimentation and the neodymiu
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The process(es) by which IFs were d
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This thesis represents original and
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viii
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goal of the research is to discern
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Figure 1. Map of southern Africa sh
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appropriate to briefly discuss: 1)
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100 10 MORB 1 0.1 raw data (mg/kg)
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10 -2 hydrothermal fluid 10 -3 10 -
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seawater and returned to the sedime
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100 MCO + 3 + M(CO 3 )- 2 rare eart
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net effect of carbonate complexatio
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feature was not recognized in early
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sound geochemical basis for anomalo
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deviation of the 143 Nd/ 144 Nd rat
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available, it should be possible to
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modern and Archean oceans, as well
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Bau M., Möller P., and Dulski P. (
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Elderfield H. and Greaves M.J. (198
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Haley B.A., Klinkhammer G.P. (2003)
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Lee J.H. and Byrne R.H. (1993) Comp
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Piepgras D.J. and Wasserburg G.J. (
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Tosiani T., Loubet M., Viers J., Va
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THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
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Abstract The benefits of inductivel
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List of Figures Figure 1. Sample de
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1. Introduction The advent of induc
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Figure 1. Flow-chart diagram of the
Page 60 and 61: during decomposition (SiF 4 and CO
Page 62 and 63: Fractionation between the three iso
Page 64 and 65: cps, then 3000 cps must be subtract
Page 66 and 67: variety of ways. These range from r
Page 68 and 69: Table 3. Change in HFSE concentrati
Page 70 and 71: 0.90, corresponding to an anomalous
Page 72 and 73: 10 2 JDo-1 reference values 10 1 IF
Page 74 and 75: Figure 5. Diagram depicting various
Page 76 and 77: 20 18 basalt BHVO-2 (n=5) run preci
Page 78 and 79: The method precision for elements p
Page 80 and 81: Two approaches may be utilized to d
Page 82 and 83: For the more recent, full 32 elemen
Page 84 and 85: isotopic data for geologic CRMs, av
Page 86 and 87: Table 4. Interferences observed for
Page 88 and 89: value uncertainty (as %RSD) is repr
Page 90 and 91: 1.50 FeR-4 (n=2) 1.25 JUB / referen
Page 92 and 93: 1 IF-G/shale 0.1 0.01 La Ce Pr Nd P
Page 94 and 95: consistent (App. 1), and similar to
Page 96 and 97: 1.50 SGR-1b (n=3) 1.25 JUB / refere
Page 98 and 99: 1.50 JCh-1 (n=3) 1.25 JUB / referen
Page 100 and 101: 1.50 JDo-1 (n=5) 1.25 JUB / referen
Page 102 and 103: determinations in carbonate rocks r
Page 104 and 105: 1.50 JMn-1 (n=4) 1.25 JUB / referen
Page 106 and 107: eference value. The result is that
Page 108 and 109: eference value and the measured JUB
Page 112 and 113: Govindaraju K. (1995) 1995 working
Page 114 and 115: Appendix 1. Analytical data Appendi
Page 116 and 117: Appendix 1. Literature reference va
Page 118 and 119: Appendix 1 continued. Data in mg/kg
Page 120 and 121: the concentration of the major elem
Page 122 and 123: Potential interferences on monoisot
Page 124 and 125: 1500 0.5 M HCl 4.0 interference on
Page 126 and 127: 4000 0.40 0.20 3500 0.17 mg/kg 0.18
Page 128 and 129: interference on 95 Mo in sample sol
Page 130 and 131: THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
Page 132 and 133: Nd isotopes in 2.9 Ga Archean surfa
Page 136 and 137: Table 2 Trace element concentration
Page 152 and 153: Author's personal copy B.W. Alexand
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Author's personal copy B.W. Alexand
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Author's personal copy B.W. Alexand
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and preservation of oxide-facies IF
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TOP relative stratigraphic position
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The mechanism by which the alkali m
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6. Widdel, F. et al. Ferrous iron o
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82 PRESERVATION OF PRIMARY REE PATT
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ulk, open ocean seawater tended to
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