Author's personal copy B.W. Alex<strong>and</strong>er et al. / Earth <strong>and</strong> Planetary <strong>Science</strong> Letters 283 (2009) 144–155 155 McKenzie, D., Weiss, N., 1975. Speculations on the thermal <strong>and</strong> tectonic history <strong>of</strong> the Earth,. Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc. 42, 131–174. McLennan, S.M., 1989. Rare earth elements in sedimentary rocks: influence <strong>of</strong> provenance <strong>and</strong> sedimentary processes. In: Lipin, B.R., McKay, G.A. (Eds.), Geochemistry <strong>and</strong> Mineralogy <strong>of</strong> Rare Earth Elements. Rev. Mineral. 21, Mineral. Soc. Amer., pp. 169–200. Michard, A., Albarède, F., Michard, G., Minster, J.F., Charlou, J.L., 1983. Rare-earth elements <strong>and</strong> uranium in high-temperature solutions from East Pacific Rise hydrothermal vent field (13°N). Nature 303, 795–797. Miller, R.G., O'Nions, R.K., 1985. Sources <strong>of</strong> Precambrian chemical <strong>and</strong> clastic sediments. Nature 314, 325–330. Nägler, T.F., Kramers, J.D., 1998. Nd isotopic evolution <strong>of</strong> the upper mantle during the Precambrian: models, data <strong>and</strong> the uncertainty <strong>of</strong> both. Precambrian Res. 91, 233–252. Nakamura, K., Kato, Y., 2007. A new geochemical approach for constraining a marine redox condition <strong>of</strong> Early Archean. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 261, 296–302. Nhleko, N., 2003. The Pongola Supergroup in Swazil<strong>and</strong>, Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Johannesburg. Nothdurft, L.D., Webb, G.E., Kamber, B.S., 2004. Rare earth element geochemistry <strong>of</strong> Late Devonian reefal carbonates, Canning Basin, Western Australia: confirmation <strong>of</strong> a seawater REE proxy in ancient limestones. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 68, 263–283. Nozaki, Y., Alibo, D.S., 2003. Importance <strong>of</strong> vertical geochemical processes in controlling the oceanic pr<strong>of</strong>iles <strong>of</strong> dissolved rare earth elements in the northeastern Indian Ocean. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 205, 155–172. Nozaki, Y., Alibo, D.S., Amakawa, H., Gamo, T., Hasumoto, H., 1999. Dissolved rare earth elements <strong>and</strong> hydrography in the Sulu Sea. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 63, 2171–2181. Piepgras, D.J., Wasserburg, G.J., 1980. Neodymium isotopic variations in seawater. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 50, 128–138. Piotrowski, A.M., Goldstein, S.L., Hemming, S.R., Fairbanks, R.G., 2005. Temporal relationships <strong>of</strong> carbon cycling <strong>and</strong> ocean circulation at glacial boundaries. <strong>Science</strong> 307, 1933–1938. Saager, R., Meyer, M., 1982. Gold distribution in supracrustal rocks from the Archean greenstone belts <strong>of</strong> Southern Africa <strong>and</strong> from Paleozoic ultramafic complexes <strong>of</strong> the European Alps: metallogenic <strong>and</strong> geochemical implications. Econ. Geol. 77, 1–24. SACS - S. Afr. Comm. Strat.,1980. Part 1: lithostratigraphy <strong>of</strong> the Republic <strong>of</strong> South Africa, South West Africa/Namibia <strong>and</strong> the republics <strong>of</strong> Bophuthatswana, Transkei <strong>and</strong> Venda. In: Kent, L.E. (Ed.), Stratigraphy S. Afr. 8. Geol. Surv. S. Afr, pp. 71–80. Schmidt, K., Koschinsky, A., Garbe-Schönberg, D., de Carvalho, L.M., Seifert, R., 2007. Geochemistry <strong>of</strong> hydrothermal fluids from the ultramafic-hosted Logatchev hydrothermal field, 15°N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: temporal <strong>and</strong> spatial investigation. Chem. Geol. 242, 1–21. Shimizu, H., Umemoto, N., Masuda, A., Appel, P.W.U., 1990. Sources <strong>of</strong> iron-formations in the Archean Isua <strong>and</strong> Malene supracrustals, West Greenl<strong>and</strong>: evidence from La–Ce <strong>and</strong> Sm–Nd isotopic data <strong>and</strong> REE. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 54, 1147–1154. Simonson, B.M., 2003. Origin <strong>and</strong> evolution <strong>of</strong> large Precambrian iron formations. Geol. Soc. Amer. Spec. Paper 370, 231–243. Simonson, B.M., Hassler, S.W., 1996. Was the deposition <strong>of</strong> large Precambrian iron formations linked to major marine transgressions? J. Geol. 104, 665–676. Sholkovitz, E., Shen, G.T., 1995. The incorporation <strong>of</strong> rare earth elements in modern coral. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 59, 2749–2756. Stecher, O., Carlson, R.W., Shirey, S.B., Nielson, T., 1986. Nd isotope evidence for the evolution <strong>of</strong> metavolcanic rocks from the Archaean block <strong>of</strong> Greenl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Labrador. Terra Cognita 6, 236. Stevenson, R.K., Patchett, P.J., 1990. Implications for the evolution <strong>of</strong> continental crust from Hf isotope systematics <strong>of</strong> Archean detrital zircons. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 54, 1683–1697. Tachikawa, K., Athias, V., Je<strong>and</strong>el, C., 2003. Neodymium budget in the modern ocean <strong>and</strong> paleo-oceanographic implications. J. Geophys. Res. 108, 1–13. Veizer, J., Mackenzie, F.T., 2004. Evolution <strong>of</strong> sedimentary rocks, in: Mackenzie, F.T. (Ed.), Sediments, Diagenesis, <strong>and</strong> Sedimentary Rocks, 369–407, Vol. 7 Treatise on Geochemistry (Eds. H.D. Holl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> K.K. Turekian), Elsevier-Pergamon, Oxford. Veizer, J., Hoefs, J., Lowe, D.R., Thurston, P.C., 1989. Geochemistry <strong>of</strong> Precambrian carbonates: II. Archean greenstone belts <strong>and</strong> Archean sea water. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 53, 859–871. Webb, G.E., Kamber, B.S., 2000. Rare earth elements in Holocene reefal microbialites: a new shallow seawater proxy. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 64, 1557–1565. Wilson, M., 1989. Igneous Petrogenesis. Chapman <strong>and</strong> Hall, London. Zhang, J., Nozaki, Y., 1996. Rare earth elements <strong>and</strong> yttrium in seawater: ICP-MS determinations in the East Caroline, Coral Sea, <strong>and</strong> South Fiji basins <strong>of</strong> the western South Pacific Ocean. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60, 4631–4644.
Chapter 5. Anoxygenic photoautotrophs <strong>and</strong> the origin <strong>of</strong> b<strong>and</strong>ed iron-formation 153
- Page 1:
Iron sedimentation and the neodymiu
- Page 4 and 5:
The process(es) by which IFs were d
- Page 7:
This thesis represents original and
- Page 10 and 11:
viii
- Page 12 and 13:
goal of the research is to discern
- Page 14 and 15:
Figure 1. Map of southern Africa sh
- Page 16 and 17:
appropriate to briefly discuss: 1)
- Page 18 and 19:
100 10 MORB 1 0.1 raw data (mg/kg)
- Page 20 and 21:
10 -2 hydrothermal fluid 10 -3 10 -
- Page 22 and 23:
seawater and returned to the sedime
- Page 24 and 25:
100 MCO + 3 + M(CO 3 )- 2 rare eart
- Page 26 and 27:
net effect of carbonate complexatio
- Page 28 and 29:
feature was not recognized in early
- Page 30 and 31:
sound geochemical basis for anomalo
- Page 32 and 33:
deviation of the 143 Nd/ 144 Nd rat
- Page 34 and 35:
available, it should be possible to
- Page 36 and 37:
modern and Archean oceans, as well
- Page 38 and 39:
Bau M., Möller P., and Dulski P. (
- Page 40 and 41:
Elderfield H. and Greaves M.J. (198
- Page 42 and 43:
Haley B.A., Klinkhammer G.P. (2003)
- Page 44 and 45:
Lee J.H. and Byrne R.H. (1993) Comp
- Page 46 and 47:
Piepgras D.J. and Wasserburg G.J. (
- Page 48 and 49:
Tosiani T., Loubet M., Viers J., Va
- Page 50 and 51:
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
- Page 52 and 53:
Abstract The benefits of inductivel
- Page 54 and 55:
List of Figures Figure 1. Sample de
- Page 56 and 57:
1. Introduction The advent of induc
- Page 58 and 59:
Figure 1. Flow-chart diagram of the
- Page 60 and 61:
during decomposition (SiF 4 and CO
- Page 62 and 63:
Fractionation between the three iso
- Page 64 and 65:
cps, then 3000 cps must be subtract
- Page 66 and 67:
variety of ways. These range from r
- Page 68 and 69:
Table 3. Change in HFSE concentrati
- Page 70 and 71:
0.90, corresponding to an anomalous
- Page 72 and 73:
10 2 JDo-1 reference values 10 1 IF
- Page 74 and 75:
Figure 5. Diagram depicting various
- Page 76 and 77:
20 18 basalt BHVO-2 (n=5) run preci
- Page 78 and 79:
The method precision for elements p
- Page 80 and 81:
Two approaches may be utilized to d
- Page 82 and 83:
For the more recent, full 32 elemen
- Page 84 and 85:
isotopic data for geologic CRMs, av
- Page 86 and 87:
Table 4. Interferences observed for
- Page 88 and 89:
value uncertainty (as %RSD) is repr
- Page 90 and 91:
1.50 FeR-4 (n=2) 1.25 JUB / referen
- Page 92 and 93:
1 IF-G/shale 0.1 0.01 La Ce Pr Nd P
- Page 94 and 95:
consistent (App. 1), and similar to
- Page 96 and 97:
1.50 SGR-1b (n=3) 1.25 JUB / refere
- Page 98 and 99:
1.50 JCh-1 (n=3) 1.25 JUB / referen
- Page 100 and 101:
1.50 JDo-1 (n=5) 1.25 JUB / referen
- Page 102 and 103:
determinations in carbonate rocks r
- Page 104 and 105:
1.50 JMn-1 (n=4) 1.25 JUB / referen
- Page 106 and 107:
eference value. The result is that
- Page 108 and 109:
eference value and the measured JUB
- Page 110 and 111:
the 32 analyzed elements, with Ti b
- Page 112 and 113: Govindaraju K. (1995) 1995 working
- Page 114 and 115: Appendix 1. Analytical data Appendi
- Page 116 and 117: Appendix 1. Literature reference va
- Page 118 and 119: Appendix 1 continued. Data in mg/kg
- Page 120 and 121: the concentration of the major elem
- Page 122 and 123: Potential interferences on monoisot
- Page 124 and 125: 1500 0.5 M HCl 4.0 interference on
- Page 126 and 127: 4000 0.40 0.20 3500 0.17 mg/kg 0.18
- Page 128 and 129: interference on 95 Mo in sample sol
- Page 130 and 131: THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
- Page 132 and 133: Nd isotopes in 2.9 Ga Archean surfa
- Page 134 and 135: Nd isotopes in 2.9 Ga Archean surfa
- Page 136 and 137: Table 2 Trace element concentration
- Page 138 and 139: Nd isotopes in 2.9 Ga Archean surfa
- Page 140 and 141: Nd isotopes in 2.9 Ga Archean surfa
- Page 142 and 143: Nd isotopes in 2.9 Ga Archean surfa
- Page 144 and 145: Nd isotopes in 2.9 Ga Archean surfa
- Page 146 and 147: Nd isotopes in 2.9 Ga Archean surfa
- Page 148 and 149: THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
- Page 150 and 151: THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
- Page 152 and 153: Author's personal copy B.W. Alexand
- Page 154 and 155: Author's personal copy B.W. Alexand
- Page 156 and 157: Author's personal copy B.W. Alexand
- Page 158 and 159: Author's personal copy B.W. Alexand
- Page 160 and 161: Author's personal copy B.W. Alexand
- Page 164 and 165: THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
- Page 166 and 167: and preservation of oxide-facies IF
- Page 168 and 169: TOP relative stratigraphic position
- Page 170 and 171: The mechanism by which the alkali m
- Page 172 and 173: 6. Widdel, F. et al. Ferrous iron o
- Page 174 and 175: THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
- Page 176 and 177: THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
- Page 178 and 179: 82 PRESERVATION OF PRIMARY REE PATT
- Page 180 and 181: 84 PRESERVATION OF PRIMARY REE PATT
- Page 182 and 183: 86 PRESERVATION OF PRIMARY REE PATT
- Page 184: ulk, open ocean seawater tended to