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Appendix 1. Literature reference values and measured element concentration data for CRMs analyzed within JUB Geochemistry Lab. Data in mg/kg. Govindaraju (1994) Dulski (2001) Yu et al. (2001) FeR-2 FeR-4 IF-G 4 Abbey et al. (1983) this study Govindaraju (1994) Dulski (2001) Yu et al. (2001) Abbey et al. (1983) method 1 compiled ICPMS ICPMS compiled ref. avg. 2 %RSD JUB avg. 3 (n=3) %RSD compiled ICPMS ICPMS compiled ref. avg. %RSD JUB avg. (n=2) %RSD compiled ICPMS ICPMS ID MC- ICPMS ICPMS ref. avg. %RSD JUB avg. (n=2) Sc 6 5.31 6 5.77 5.6 5.34 3.2 1.5 1.09 1.5 1.36 14.2 0.875 0.3 0.2846 0.2923 2.6
Appendix 1 continued. Data in mg/kg. Smith (1995) Korotev (1996) Dai Kin (1999) SCo-1 SGR-1b JCh-1 Dulski (2001) Bédard and Barnes (2002) Meisel et al. (2002) Eggins (2003) this study Govindaraju Korotev Dai Kin (1994) (1996) (1999) Wilson (2001) Dulski (2001) this study Govindaraju (1994) Imai et al. (1996) Dulski Flem and (2001) Bédard (2002) method 1 compiled INAA ICPMS ICPMS INAA ICPMS LA- ref. avg. 2 %RSD JUB avg. 3 %RSD compiled INAA ICPMS compiled ICPMS ref. avg. %RSD JUB avg. %RSD compiled compiled ICPMS INAA ref. avg. %RSD JUB avg. %RSD ICPMS (n=4) (n=3) (n=3) Sc 11 11.57 11.53 12.7 11.70 5.3 12.8 13.7 4.6 4.94 4.6 4.71 3.4 5.01 2.6 0.85 0.979 1 0.943 7.0 0.931 6.3 Ti 3776 3561 3669 2.9 4080 17.6 1580 1520 1550 1.9 1530 7.9 180 189 185 2.4 174 6.5 Co 11 11.13 11.6 11.24 2.3 12.7 15.1 11.8 11.73 12 11.84 1.0 12.2 3.3 15 15.5 14.4 15.0 3.0 16.5 5.5 Ni 27 24 26 5.9 30.3 22.6 29 26 29 28 5.1 30.3* 5.0 7.5 8.76 8.13 7.7 10.0 28.9 Rb 110 111.5 113 106 111.7 110.4 2.2 113 8.4 83 79 80 81 2.1 82.0 4.5 8.5 8.61 8.6 8.3 8.50 1.5 8.90 0.1 Sr 170 175 169 172.7 171.7 1.4 168 4.3 420 393 420 381 404 4.2 391 3.7 4.6 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.03 1.6 Y 26 22.8 24.2 26.8 25.0 6.2 22.8 4.4 13 13 9.6 11.9 13.5 9.74 2.2 1.84 1.81 1.8 1.82 0.9 1.77 1.6 Zr 160 166 153 116 165 188.6 158.1 13.8 157 6.6 53 45 53 42 48 10.1 43.7 3.5 11.7 11.5 6.2 9.8 26.0 6.60 3.2 Nb 11 11.6 13.2 11.9 7.8 11.8 4.3 5.2 5.2 5.2 0.0 6.41 1.1 1.7 1.7 0.590 1.5 Mo 1.4 1.4 1.22 5.7 35.1 35 35.1 0.1 34.1 9.2 0.245 10.5 Cs 7.8 7.77 7.7 7.4 7.46 7.63 2.2 7.67 4.1 5.2 5.19 5.2 5.1 5.17 0.8 5.13 2.2 0.3 0.243 0.288 0.29 0.280 7.8 0.277 5.7 Ba 570 559 578 567 592 573 2.0 562 4.3 290 270 290 265 279 4.1 278 1.6 302 302 291 298 1.7 276 4.5 La 30 29.3 28.9 29 30.3 29.7 31.1 29.8 2.4 28.1 3.9 20.3 18.4 18.2 20 18 19.0 5.1 18.2 2.8 1.5 1.52 1.44 1.44 1.48 2.4 1.34 4.8 Ce 62 56.7 57.3 57 60.3 57.5 58.8 58.5 3.1 56.1 3.7 36 34.4 34 36 33.8 34.8 2.8 34.0 3.3 4.72 5.21 4.7 4.66 4.82 4.7 4.42 4.5 Pr 6.6 6.7 7.1 7 6.9 3.0 6.69 3.6 3.9 3.85 4 3.92 1.6 3.91 2.7 0.5 0.37 0.44 14.9 0.335 4.6 Nd 26 25.4 28.4 26 24 27 27.3 26.3 5.0 25.7 3.0 15.5 13.8 13.7 16 13.8 14.6 6.8 14.2 2.4 1.7 2.05 1.41 1.4 1.64 16.2 1.32 4.4 Sm 5.14 5.2 5.0 5.12 5.31 5.52 5.22 3.2 4.96 3.5 2.7 2.6 1.9 2.7 2.42 2.46 12.2 2.52 2.0 0.4 0.359 0.30 0.35 0.352 10.1 0.281 4.0 Eu 1.088 1.3 1.13 1.11 1.17 1.18 1.163 5.9 1.10 3.4 0.56 0.466 0.48 0.56 0.47 0.507 8.5 0.466 2.1 0.08 0.0594 0.060 0.1 0.0749 22.3 0.0484 3.0 Gd 5.3 4.6 4.72 4.8 4.86 5.5 4.53 6.0 2 1.9 2 2.05 1.99 2.7 2.04 1.5 0.304 0.304 0.0 0.286 2.4 Tb 0.675 0.72 0.69 0.69 0.7 0.70 2.1 0.675 3.1 0.36 0.297 0.37 0.3 0.332 10.1 0.295 1.2 0.09 0.0385 0.046 0.04 0.0536 39.5 0.0438 2.5 Dy 4.2 4.0 4.3 4.43 4.23 3.7 4.01 2.7 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.71 1.83 4.3 1.73 0.9 0.4 0.378 0.289 0.356 13.5 0.273 2.4 Ho 0.76 0.8 0.86 0.81 5.1 0.803 2.5 0.38 0.38 0.4 0.34 0.38 5.8 0.347 0.7 0.1 0.060 0.080 25.0 0.0567 2.1 Er 2.2 2.38 2.53 2.68 2.45 7.3 2.35 1.6 1.11 1.2 1.1 0.99 1.10 6.8 1.01 1.0 0.3 0.233 0.174 0.236 21.8 0.167 1.8 Tm 0.4 0.35 0.36 0.37 5.8 0.334 4.8 0.17 0.18 0.17 0.147 0.167 7.3 0.144 1.6 0.025 0.025 0.0240 3.6 Yb 2.27 1.7 2.34 2.37 2.57 2.25 13.0 2.23 1.4 0.94 0.966 1.1 0.94 0.96 0.981 6.1 0.949 1.0 0.1 0.182 0.171 0.16 0.153 20.7 0.162 2.8 Lu 0.341 0.31 0.36 0.35 0.37 0.388 0.353 6.9 0.345 3.3 0.14 0.146 0.14 0.146 0.143 2.1 0.146 1.7 0.04 0.0344 0.026 0.023 0.0309 21.8 0.0269 6.6 Hf 4.75 4.3 4.4 4.8 5.1 4.67 6.2 4.10 5.9 1.39 1.371 1.4 1.32 1.370 2.2 1.30 2.8 0.2 0.195 0.15 0.09 0.159 27.8 0.173 2.0 Ta 0.804 0.9 0.84 0.921 0.866 5.4 0.803 0.5 0.42 0.402 0.411 2.2 0.404 1.6 0.182 0.11 0.146 24.7 0.135 5.8 W 1.4 1.5 1.5 3.4 1.53 1.9 2.57 2.3 2.6 2.49 5.4 2.52 0.3 92.3 92.3 84.7 2.3 Pb 31 30.0 33.7 31.6 5.0 29.7 2.4 38 38 42 39 4.8 40.5 0.3 2 2 2.0 2.0 0.0 1.63 0.9 Th 9.7 9.01 9.5 8.72 9.3 10.23 9.41 5.2 8.92 5.7 4.78 4.48 4.8 4.64 4.68 2.7 4.46 1.6 0.735 0.56 0.63 0.642 11.2 0.555 0.9 U 3 3.1 2.7 3.22 3.01 6.4 3.01 3.8 5.4 5.31 5.4 5.2 5.33 1.5 5.18 2.1 0.736 0.60 0.59 0.642 10.4 0.590 0.3 1 data sources, whether compiled from studies or from single analytical method, and arranged chronologically: INAA = instrumental neutron activation analysis, LA-ICPMS = laser ablation-ICPMS. 2 reference average reported to number of significant digits observed in most precisely measured data from literature sources. 3 JUB average calculated from number of sample decompositions reported in Table 1 and reported to three significant digits only for illustrative purposes (see Section 5 regarding analytical precision). * values greater than reference average considered to include significant contributions from interfering molecular species, arising from high major element contents (Mg, Al, Ca, Mn, Fe). this study 62
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Iron sedimentation and the neodymiu
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The process(es) by which IFs were d
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This thesis represents original and
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viii
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goal of the research is to discern
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Figure 1. Map of southern Africa sh
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appropriate to briefly discuss: 1)
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100 10 MORB 1 0.1 raw data (mg/kg)
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10 -2 hydrothermal fluid 10 -3 10 -
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seawater and returned to the sedime
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100 MCO + 3 + M(CO 3 )- 2 rare eart
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net effect of carbonate complexatio
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feature was not recognized in early
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sound geochemical basis for anomalo
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deviation of the 143 Nd/ 144 Nd rat
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available, it should be possible to
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modern and Archean oceans, as well
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Bau M., Möller P., and Dulski P. (
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Elderfield H. and Greaves M.J. (198
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Haley B.A., Klinkhammer G.P. (2003)
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Lee J.H. and Byrne R.H. (1993) Comp
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Piepgras D.J. and Wasserburg G.J. (
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Tosiani T., Loubet M., Viers J., Va
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THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
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Abstract The benefits of inductivel
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List of Figures Figure 1. Sample de
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1. Introduction The advent of induc
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Figure 1. Flow-chart diagram of the
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during decomposition (SiF 4 and CO
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Fractionation between the three iso
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cps, then 3000 cps must be subtract
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Page 68 and 69: Table 3. Change in HFSE concentrati
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Page 72 and 73: 10 2 JDo-1 reference values 10 1 IF
Page 74 and 75: Figure 5. Diagram depicting various
Page 76 and 77: 20 18 basalt BHVO-2 (n=5) run preci
Page 78 and 79: The method precision for elements p
Page 80 and 81: Two approaches may be utilized to d
Page 82 and 83: For the more recent, full 32 elemen
Page 84 and 85: isotopic data for geologic CRMs, av
Page 86 and 87: Table 4. Interferences observed for
Page 88 and 89: value uncertainty (as %RSD) is repr
Page 90 and 91: 1.50 FeR-4 (n=2) 1.25 JUB / referen
Page 92 and 93: 1 IF-G/shale 0.1 0.01 La Ce Pr Nd P
Page 94 and 95: consistent (App. 1), and similar to
Page 96 and 97: 1.50 SGR-1b (n=3) 1.25 JUB / refere
Page 98 and 99: 1.50 JCh-1 (n=3) 1.25 JUB / referen
Page 100 and 101: 1.50 JDo-1 (n=5) 1.25 JUB / referen
Page 102 and 103: determinations in carbonate rocks r
Page 104 and 105: 1.50 JMn-1 (n=4) 1.25 JUB / referen
Page 106 and 107: eference value. The result is that
Page 108 and 109: eference value and the measured JUB
Page 110 and 111: the 32 analyzed elements, with Ti b
Page 112 and 113: Govindaraju K. (1995) 1995 working
Page 114 and 115: Appendix 1. Analytical data Appendi
Page 118 and 119: Appendix 1 continued. Data in mg/kg
Page 120 and 121: the concentration of the major elem
Page 122 and 123: Potential interferences on monoisot
Page 124 and 125: 1500 0.5 M HCl 4.0 interference on
Page 126 and 127: 4000 0.40 0.20 3500 0.17 mg/kg 0.18
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Page 132 and 133: Nd isotopes in 2.9 Ga Archean surfa
Page 136 and 137: Table 2 Trace element concentration
Page 152 and 153: Author's personal copy B.W. Alexand
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and preservation of oxide-facies IF
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TOP relative stratigraphic position
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The mechanism by which the alkali m
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6. Widdel, F. et al. Ferrous iron o
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82 PRESERVATION OF PRIMARY REE PATT
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ulk, open ocean seawater tended to
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