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Lee J.H. and Byrne R.H. (1993) Complexation of trivalent rare earth elements (Ce, Eu, Gd, Tb, Yb) by carbonate ions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 57, 295-302. Liu X. and Byrne R.H. (1998) Comprehensive investigation of yttrium and rare earth element complexation by carbonate ions using ICP-mass spectrometry. J. Solution Chem., 27, 803-815. Lowe D.R. (1994) Accretionary history of the Archean Barberton Greenstone Belt (3.55-3.22 Ga), southern Africa. Geology, 200, 1099-1102. Luo Y. and Byrne R.H. (2004) Carbonate complexation of yttrium and the rare earth elements in natural waters. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 68, 691–699. Martin J.M., Hogdahl 0., and Phillppot L.C. (1976) Rare earh element supply to the oceans. J. Geophys. Res., 81, 3119-3124. McLennan, S.M., 1989. Rare earth elements in sedimentary rocks: influence of provenance and sedimentary processes, in: Lipin, B.R., McKay, G.A. (Eds.), Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Rare Earth Elements. Reviews in Mineralogy 21, Mineral. Soc. Amer., 169-200. Miller, R.G., O'Nions, R.K., 1985. Sources of Precambrian chemical and clastic sediments. Nature 314, 325-330. Mills R.A., Wells D.M., Roberts S. (2001) Genesis of ferromanganese crusts from the TAG hydrothermal field. Chem. Geol., 176, 283-293. Nägler T.F and Kramers J.D. (1998) Nd isotopic evolution of the upper mantle during the Precambrian: models, data and the uncertainty of both. Precam. Res., 91, 233- 252. Nakai S., Halliday A.N., and Rea D.K. (1993) Provenance of dust in the Pacific Ocean. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 119, 143-157. 34
Nelson D.R., Trendall A.F., de Laeter J.R., Grobler N.J., Fletcher I.R. (1992) A comparative study of the geochemical and isotopic systematics of late Archaean flood basalts from the Pilbara and Kaapvaal Cratons. Precam. Res., 54, 231-256. Niu, Y., Collerson, K., Batiza, R., Wendt, J. and Regelous, M. (1999). Origin of enriched-type mid-ocean ridge basalt at ridges far from mantle plumes: The East Pacific Rise at 11°20'N. J. Geophys. Res., 104(B4): doi: 10.1029/1998JB900037. Nozaki, Y., Alibo, D.S., Amakawa, H., Gamo, T., Hasumoto, H., 1999. Dissolved rare earth elements and hydrography in the Sulu Sea. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 63, 2171–2181. Nozaki Y., Lerche D., Alibo D.S., and Tsutsumi M. (2000a) Dissolved indium and rare earth elements in three Japanese rivers and Tokyo Bay: Evidence for anthropogenic Gd and In. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 64, 3975–3982. Nozaki Y., Lerche D., Alibo D.S., and Snidvongs A. (2000b) The estuarine geochemistry of rare earth elements and indium in the Chao Phraya River, Thailand. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 64, 3983–3994. Nozaki, Y., Alibo, D.S., 2003. Importance of vertical geochemical processes in controlling the oceanic profiles of dissolved rare earth elements in the northeastern Indian Ocean. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 205, 155-172. Patchett P.J. and Samson S.D. (2003) Ages and growth of the continental crust from radiogenic isotopes, pp. 321-348. In The Crust (ed. R.L. Rudnick) Vol. 3 Treatise on Geochemistry (eds. H.D. Holland and K.K. Turekian), Elsevier-Pergamon, Oxford. Piasecki W. And Sverjensky D.A. (2008) Speciation of adsorbed yttrium and rare earth elements on oxide surfaces. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 72, 3964–3979. 35
Page 1: Iron sedimentation and the neodymiu
Page 4 and 5: The process(es) by which IFs were d
Page 7: This thesis represents original and
Page 10 and 11: viii
Page 12 and 13: goal of the research is to discern
Page 14 and 15: Figure 1. Map of southern Africa sh
Page 16 and 17: appropriate to briefly discuss: 1)
Page 18 and 19: 100 10 MORB 1 0.1 raw data (mg/kg)
Page 20 and 21: 10 -2 hydrothermal fluid 10 -3 10 -
Page 22 and 23: seawater and returned to the sedime
Page 24 and 25: 100 MCO + 3 + M(CO 3 )- 2 rare eart
Page 26 and 27: net effect of carbonate complexatio
Page 28 and 29: feature was not recognized in early
Page 30 and 31: sound geochemical basis for anomalo
Page 32 and 33: deviation of the 143 Nd/ 144 Nd rat
Page 34 and 35: available, it should be possible to
Page 36 and 37: modern and Archean oceans, as well
Page 38 and 39: Bau M., Möller P., and Dulski P. (
Page 40 and 41: Elderfield H. and Greaves M.J. (198
Page 42 and 43: Haley B.A., Klinkhammer G.P. (2003)
Page 46 and 47: Piepgras D.J. and Wasserburg G.J. (
Page 48 and 49: Tosiani T., Loubet M., Viers J., Va
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Page 52 and 53: Abstract The benefits of inductivel
Page 54 and 55: List of Figures Figure 1. Sample de
Page 56 and 57: 1. Introduction The advent of induc
Page 58 and 59: Figure 1. Flow-chart diagram of the
Page 60 and 61: during decomposition (SiF 4 and CO
Page 62 and 63: Fractionation between the three iso
Page 64 and 65: cps, then 3000 cps must be subtract
Page 66 and 67: variety of ways. These range from r
Page 68 and 69: Table 3. Change in HFSE concentrati
Page 70 and 71: 0.90, corresponding to an anomalous
Page 72 and 73: 10 2 JDo-1 reference values 10 1 IF
Page 74 and 75: Figure 5. Diagram depicting various
Page 76 and 77: 20 18 basalt BHVO-2 (n=5) run preci
Page 78 and 79: The method precision for elements p
Page 80 and 81: Two approaches may be utilized to d
Page 82 and 83: For the more recent, full 32 elemen
Page 84 and 85: isotopic data for geologic CRMs, av
Page 86 and 87: Table 4. Interferences observed for
Page 88 and 89: value uncertainty (as %RSD) is repr
Page 90 and 91: 1.50 FeR-4 (n=2) 1.25 JUB / referen
Page 92 and 93: 1 IF-G/shale 0.1 0.01 La Ce Pr Nd P
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consistent (App. 1), and similar to
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1.50 SGR-1b (n=3) 1.25 JUB / refere
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1.50 JCh-1 (n=3) 1.25 JUB / referen
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1.50 JDo-1 (n=5) 1.25 JUB / referen
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determinations in carbonate rocks r
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1.50 JMn-1 (n=4) 1.25 JUB / referen
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eference value. The result is that
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eference value and the measured JUB
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the 32 analyzed elements, with Ti b
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Govindaraju K. (1995) 1995 working
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Appendix 1. Analytical data Appendi
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Appendix 1. Literature reference va
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Appendix 1 continued. Data in mg/kg
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the concentration of the major elem
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Potential interferences on monoisot
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1500 0.5 M HCl 4.0 interference on
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4000 0.40 0.20 3500 0.17 mg/kg 0.18
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interference on 95 Mo in sample sol
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Nd isotopes in 2.9 Ga Archean surfa
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Table 2 Trace element concentration
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Author's personal copy B.W. Alexand
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and preservation of oxide-facies IF
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TOP relative stratigraphic position
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The mechanism by which the alkali m
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6. Widdel, F. et al. Ferrous iron o
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82 PRESERVATION OF PRIMARY REE PATT
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ulk, open ocean seawater tended to
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