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Haley B.A., Klinkhammer G.P. (2003) Complete separation of rare earth elements from small volume seawater samples by automated ion chromatography: method development and application to benthic flux. Mar. Chem., 82, 197–220. Haley B.A., Klinkhammer G.P. and McManus J. (2004) Rare earth elements in pore waters of marine sediments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 68, 1265–1279. Hegner E., Kroner A., and Hofmann A.W. (1984) Age and isotope geochemistry of the Archaean Pongola and Usushwana suites in Swaziland, southern Africa: a case for crustal contamination of mantle-derived magma. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 70, 267- 279. Høgdahl O.T., Melsom S., and Bowen V.T. (1968) Neutron activation analysis of lanthanide elements in sea water. in Trace Inorganics in Water, pp. 308-325, Advan. Chem. Series 73. Holland H.D. (1972) The geologic history of seawater – an attempt to solve the problem. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 36, 637-651. Hoyle J., Elderfield H., Gledhill A., and Greaves M. (1984) The behaviour of the rare earth elements during mixing of river and sea waters. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 48, 143-149. Jacobsen, S.B., Pimentel-Klose, M.R., 1988a. A Nd isotopic study of the Hamersley and Michipicoten banded iron formations: the source of REE and Fe in Archean oceans. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 87, 29-44. Jacobsen, S.B., Pimentel-Klose, M.R., 1988b. Nd isotopic variations in Precambrian banded iron formations. Geophys. Res. Lett. 15, 393-396. James H.L. (1954) Sedimentary facies of iron-formation. Econ. Geol., 49, 235-293. 32
Jeandel, C., Bishop, K., Zindler, A., 1995. Exchange of neodymium and its isotopes between seawater and small and large particles in the Sargasso Sea. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 59, 535-547. Klein, C., Beukes, N.J., 1989. Geochemistry and sedimentology of a facies transition from limestone to iron-formation in the Early Proterozoic Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa. Econ. Geol. 84, 1733-1774. Koeppenkastrop D. and De Carlo E.H. (1992) Sorption of rare-earth elements from seawater onto synthetic mineral particles: An experimental approach. Chem. Geol., 95, 251-263. Koeppenkastrop D. and De Carlo E.H. (1993) Uptake of rare earth elements from solution by metal oxides. Environ. Sci. Technol., 27, 1796-1802. Kröner A., and Tegtmeyer A. (1994) Gneiss-greenstone relationships in the Ancient Gneiss Complex of southwestern Swaziland, southern Africa, and implications for early crustal evolution. Precam. Res., 67, 109-139. Kröner A., Hegner E., Wendt J.I., and Byerly G.R. (1996) The oldest part of the Barberton granitoid-greenstone terrain, South Africa: evidence for crust formation between 3.5 and 3.7 Ga. Precam. Res. 78, 105-124. Kulaksız S. and Bau M. (2007) Contrasting behaviour of anthropogenic gadolinium and natural rare earth elements in estuaries and the gadolinium input into the North Sea. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 260, 361-371. Lawrence M.G., and Kamber B.S. (2006) The behaviour of the rare earth elements during estuarine mixing-revisited. Marine Chemistry, 100, 147-161. Lawrence M.G., Greig A., Collerson K.D., and Kamber B.S. (2006) Rare Earth Element and Yttrium Variability in South East Queensland Waterways. Aqua. Geochem., 12, 39–72. 33
Page 1: Iron sedimentation and the neodymiu
Page 4 and 5: The process(es) by which IFs were d
Page 7: This thesis represents original and
Page 10 and 11: viii
Page 12 and 13: goal of the research is to discern
Page 14 and 15: Figure 1. Map of southern Africa sh
Page 16 and 17: appropriate to briefly discuss: 1)
Page 18 and 19: 100 10 MORB 1 0.1 raw data (mg/kg)
Page 20 and 21: 10 -2 hydrothermal fluid 10 -3 10 -
Page 22 and 23: seawater and returned to the sedime
Page 24 and 25: 100 MCO + 3 + M(CO 3 )- 2 rare eart
Page 26 and 27: net effect of carbonate complexatio
Page 28 and 29: feature was not recognized in early
Page 30 and 31: sound geochemical basis for anomalo
Page 32 and 33: deviation of the 143 Nd/ 144 Nd rat
Page 34 and 35: available, it should be possible to
Page 36 and 37: modern and Archean oceans, as well
Page 38 and 39: Bau M., Möller P., and Dulski P. (
Page 40 and 41: Elderfield H. and Greaves M.J. (198
Page 44 and 45: Lee J.H. and Byrne R.H. (1993) Comp
Page 46 and 47: Piepgras D.J. and Wasserburg G.J. (
Page 48 and 49: Tosiani T., Loubet M., Viers J., Va
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Page 52 and 53: Abstract The benefits of inductivel
Page 54 and 55: List of Figures Figure 1. Sample de
Page 56 and 57: 1. Introduction The advent of induc
Page 58 and 59: Figure 1. Flow-chart diagram of the
Page 60 and 61: during decomposition (SiF 4 and CO
Page 62 and 63: Fractionation between the three iso
Page 64 and 65: cps, then 3000 cps must be subtract
Page 66 and 67: variety of ways. These range from r
Page 68 and 69: Table 3. Change in HFSE concentrati
Page 70 and 71: 0.90, corresponding to an anomalous
Page 72 and 73: 10 2 JDo-1 reference values 10 1 IF
Page 74 and 75: Figure 5. Diagram depicting various
Page 76 and 77: 20 18 basalt BHVO-2 (n=5) run preci
Page 78 and 79: The method precision for elements p
Page 80 and 81: Two approaches may be utilized to d
Page 82 and 83: For the more recent, full 32 elemen
Page 84 and 85: isotopic data for geologic CRMs, av
Page 86 and 87: Table 4. Interferences observed for
Page 88 and 89: value uncertainty (as %RSD) is repr
Page 90 and 91: 1.50 FeR-4 (n=2) 1.25 JUB / referen
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1 IF-G/shale 0.1 0.01 La Ce Pr Nd P
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consistent (App. 1), and similar to
Page 96 and 97:
1.50 SGR-1b (n=3) 1.25 JUB / refere
Page 98 and 99:
1.50 JCh-1 (n=3) 1.25 JUB / referen
Page 100 and 101:
1.50 JDo-1 (n=5) 1.25 JUB / referen
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determinations in carbonate rocks r
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1.50 JMn-1 (n=4) 1.25 JUB / referen
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eference value. The result is that
Page 108 and 109:
eference value and the measured JUB
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the 32 analyzed elements, with Ti b
Page 112 and 113:
Govindaraju K. (1995) 1995 working
Page 114 and 115:
Appendix 1. Analytical data Appendi
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Appendix 1. Literature reference va
Page 118 and 119:
Appendix 1 continued. Data in mg/kg
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the concentration of the major elem
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Potential interferences on monoisot
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1500 0.5 M HCl 4.0 interference on
Page 126 and 127:
4000 0.40 0.20 3500 0.17 mg/kg 0.18
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interference on 95 Mo in sample sol
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Nd isotopes in 2.9 Ga Archean surfa
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Table 2 Trace element concentration
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Author's personal copy B.W. Alexand
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and preservation of oxide-facies IF
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TOP relative stratigraphic position
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The mechanism by which the alkali m
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6. Widdel, F. et al. Ferrous iron o
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82 PRESERVATION OF PRIMARY REE PATT
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ulk, open ocean seawater tended to
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