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Elderfield H. and Greaves M.J. (1982) The rare earth elements in seawater. Nature, 296, 214-219. Elderfield, H. and E. R. Sholkovitz (1987). Rare earth elements in the pore waters of reducing nearshore sediments. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 82, 280-290. Elderfeld H., Upstil-Goddard R., and Sholkovitz E.R. (1990) The rare earth elements in rivers, estuaries and coastal sea waters: processes affecting crustal input of elements to the ocean and their significance to the composition of seawater. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 54, 971-991. Erel Y. and Morgan J.J. (1991) The effect of surface reactions on the relative abundances of trace metals in deep-ocean water. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 55, 1807-1813. Erel Y. and Stolper E.M. (1993) Modeling of rare-earth element partitioning between particles and solution in aquatic environments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 57, 513-518. Faure G. (1986) Principles of Isotope Geology. John Wiley and Sons, New York, Gammons C.H. , Wood S.A.., Pedrozo F., Varekamp J. C., Nelson B.J., Shope C.L., and Baffico G. (2005b) Hydrogeochemistry and rare earth element behavior in a volcanically acidified watershed in Patagonia, Argentina. Chem. Geol., 222, 249- 267. German, C. R. and H. Elderfield (1989). Rare earth elements in Saanich Inlet, British Columbia, a seasonally anoxic basin. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 53, 2561-2571. German C. R., Klinkhammer G.P., Edmond J.M., Mitra A., and Elderfield H. (1990) Hydrothermal scavenging of rare-earth elements in the ocean. Nature, 345, 516- 518. 30
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Page 1: Iron sedimentation and the neodymiu
Page 4 and 5: The process(es) by which IFs were d
Page 7: This thesis represents original and
Page 10 and 11: viii
Page 12 and 13: goal of the research is to discern
Page 14 and 15: Figure 1. Map of southern Africa sh
Page 16 and 17: appropriate to briefly discuss: 1)
Page 18 and 19: 100 10 MORB 1 0.1 raw data (mg/kg)
Page 20 and 21: 10 -2 hydrothermal fluid 10 -3 10 -
Page 22 and 23: seawater and returned to the sedime
Page 24 and 25: 100 MCO + 3 + M(CO 3 )- 2 rare eart
Page 26 and 27: net effect of carbonate complexatio
Page 28 and 29: feature was not recognized in early
Page 30 and 31: sound geochemical basis for anomalo
Page 32 and 33: deviation of the 143 Nd/ 144 Nd rat
Page 34 and 35: available, it should be possible to
Page 36 and 37: modern and Archean oceans, as well
Page 38 and 39: Bau M., Möller P., and Dulski P. (
Page 42 and 43: Haley B.A., Klinkhammer G.P. (2003)
Page 44 and 45: Lee J.H. and Byrne R.H. (1993) Comp
Page 46 and 47: Piepgras D.J. and Wasserburg G.J. (
Page 48 and 49: Tosiani T., Loubet M., Viers J., Va
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Page 52 and 53: Abstract The benefits of inductivel
Page 54 and 55: List of Figures Figure 1. Sample de
Page 56 and 57: 1. Introduction The advent of induc
Page 58 and 59: Figure 1. Flow-chart diagram of the
Page 60 and 61: during decomposition (SiF 4 and CO
Page 62 and 63: Fractionation between the three iso
Page 64 and 65: cps, then 3000 cps must be subtract
Page 66 and 67: variety of ways. These range from r
Page 68 and 69: Table 3. Change in HFSE concentrati
Page 70 and 71: 0.90, corresponding to an anomalous
Page 72 and 73: 10 2 JDo-1 reference values 10 1 IF
Page 74 and 75: Figure 5. Diagram depicting various
Page 76 and 77: 20 18 basalt BHVO-2 (n=5) run preci
Page 78 and 79: The method precision for elements p
Page 80 and 81: Two approaches may be utilized to d
Page 82 and 83: For the more recent, full 32 elemen
Page 84 and 85: isotopic data for geologic CRMs, av
Page 86 and 87: Table 4. Interferences observed for
Page 88 and 89: value uncertainty (as %RSD) is repr
Page 90 and 91:
1.50 FeR-4 (n=2) 1.25 JUB / referen
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1 IF-G/shale 0.1 0.01 La Ce Pr Nd P
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consistent (App. 1), and similar to
Page 96 and 97:
1.50 SGR-1b (n=3) 1.25 JUB / refere
Page 98 and 99:
1.50 JCh-1 (n=3) 1.25 JUB / referen
Page 100 and 101:
1.50 JDo-1 (n=5) 1.25 JUB / referen
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determinations in carbonate rocks r
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1.50 JMn-1 (n=4) 1.25 JUB / referen
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eference value. The result is that
Page 108 and 109:
eference value and the measured JUB
Page 110 and 111:
the 32 analyzed elements, with Ti b
Page 112 and 113:
Govindaraju K. (1995) 1995 working
Page 114 and 115:
Appendix 1. Analytical data Appendi
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Appendix 1. Literature reference va
Page 118 and 119:
Appendix 1 continued. Data in mg/kg
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the concentration of the major elem
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Potential interferences on monoisot
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1500 0.5 M HCl 4.0 interference on
Page 126 and 127:
4000 0.40 0.20 3500 0.17 mg/kg 0.18
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interference on 95 Mo in sample sol
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Nd isotopes in 2.9 Ga Archean surfa
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Table 2 Trace element concentration
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Author's personal copy B.W. Alexand
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and preservation of oxide-facies IF
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TOP relative stratigraphic position
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The mechanism by which the alkali m
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6. Widdel, F. et al. Ferrous iron o
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82 PRESERVATION OF PRIMARY REE PATT
Page 180 and 181:
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ulk, open ocean seawater tended to
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