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Piepgras D.J. and Wasserburg G.J. (1980) Neodymium isotopic variations in seawater. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 50, 128-138. Poujol M., Robb L.J., Anhaeusser C.R., and Gericke B. (2002) Geochronological constraints on the evolution of the Kaapvaal craton, South Africa. Econ. Geol. Res. Institute, Information Circular No. 360, Univ. Witwatersrand, pp. 37. Shannon R.D. (1976) Revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halides and chalcogenides. Acta Crystallograph., A32, 751-767. Salters V., and Stracke A. (2004) Composition of the depleted mantle. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 5, doi: 10.1029/2003GC000597. Sholkovitz E.R. (1993) The geochemistry of rare earth elements in the Amazon River Estuary. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 57, 2181-2190. Sholkovitz E.R. (1995) The aquatic chemistry of rare earh elements in rivers and estuaries. Aquatic Geochem. 1, 1-34. Sholkovitz E.R. (1996) A compilation of the rare earth element composition of rivers, estuares and the oceans. Woods Hole Oceanog. Inst. Tech. Rept., WHOI-96-13. pp. 78. Sholkovitz E.R. and Elderfeld H. (1988) The cycling of dissolved rare earth elements in Chesapeake Bay. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 2, 157-176. Sholkovitz E.R. and Szymczak R. (2000) The estuarine chemistry of rare earth elements: comparison of the Amazon, Fly, Sepik and the Gulf of Papua systems. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 179, 299-309. Sholkovitz, E. R, D. J. Piepgras and S. B. Jacobsen (1989). The pore water chemistry of rare earth elements in Buzzards Bay sediments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 53, 2847-2856. 36
Sholkovitz E.R., Shaw T.J., and Schneider D.L. (1992) The geochemistry of rare earth elements in the seasonally anoxic water column and pore waters of Chesapeake Bay. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 56, 3389-3402. Sholkovitz E.R., Landing W.M., and Lewis B.L. (1994) Ocean particle chemistry: The fractionation of rare earth elements between suspended particles and seawater. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 58, 1567-1579. Simonson, B.M., 2003. Origin and evolution of large Precambrian iron formations. Geol. Soc. Amer. Spec. Paper 370, 231-243. Simonson, B.M., Hassler, S.W., 1996. Was the deposition of large Precambrian iron formations linked to major marine transgressions?. J. Geol. 104, 665-676. Stille P., Steinmann M., Pierret M.-C., Gauthier-Lafaye F., Chabaux F., Viville D., Pourcelot L., Matera V., Aouad G., and Aubert D. (2006) The impact of vegetation on REE fractionation in stream waters of a small forested catchment (the Strengbach case). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 70, 3217–3230. Tachikawa, K., Jeandel C., and Roy-Barman M. (1999) A new approach to the Nd residence time in the ocean: the role of atmospheric inputs. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 170, 433-446. Tachikawa, K., Athias, V., Jeandel, C., 2003. Neodymium budget in the modern ocean and paleo-oceanographic implications. J. Geophys. Res. 108, 1-13. Tankard A. J., Jackson M. P. A., Eriksson K. A., Hobday D. K., Hunter D. R., and Minter W. E. L. (1982) Crustal Evolution of Southern Africa. Springer Verlag, New York. Taylor S.R. and McLennan S.M. (1995) The geochemical evolution of the continental crust. Reviews of Geophysics, 33, 241-265. 37
Page 1: Iron sedimentation and the neodymiu
Page 4 and 5: The process(es) by which IFs were d
Page 7: This thesis represents original and
Page 10 and 11: viii
Page 12 and 13: goal of the research is to discern
Page 14 and 15: Figure 1. Map of southern Africa sh
Page 16 and 17: appropriate to briefly discuss: 1)
Page 18 and 19: 100 10 MORB 1 0.1 raw data (mg/kg)
Page 20 and 21: 10 -2 hydrothermal fluid 10 -3 10 -
Page 22 and 23: seawater and returned to the sedime
Page 24 and 25: 100 MCO + 3 + M(CO 3 )- 2 rare eart
Page 26 and 27: net effect of carbonate complexatio
Page 28 and 29: feature was not recognized in early
Page 30 and 31: sound geochemical basis for anomalo
Page 32 and 33: deviation of the 143 Nd/ 144 Nd rat
Page 34 and 35: available, it should be possible to
Page 36 and 37: modern and Archean oceans, as well
Page 38 and 39: Bau M., Möller P., and Dulski P. (
Page 40 and 41: Elderfield H. and Greaves M.J. (198
Page 42 and 43: Haley B.A., Klinkhammer G.P. (2003)
Page 44 and 45: Lee J.H. and Byrne R.H. (1993) Comp
Page 48 and 49: Tosiani T., Loubet M., Viers J., Va
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Page 52 and 53: Abstract The benefits of inductivel
Page 54 and 55: List of Figures Figure 1. Sample de
Page 56 and 57: 1. Introduction The advent of induc
Page 58 and 59: Figure 1. Flow-chart diagram of the
Page 60 and 61: during decomposition (SiF 4 and CO
Page 62 and 63: Fractionation between the three iso
Page 64 and 65: cps, then 3000 cps must be subtract
Page 66 and 67: variety of ways. These range from r
Page 68 and 69: Table 3. Change in HFSE concentrati
Page 70 and 71: 0.90, corresponding to an anomalous
Page 72 and 73: 10 2 JDo-1 reference values 10 1 IF
Page 74 and 75: Figure 5. Diagram depicting various
Page 76 and 77: 20 18 basalt BHVO-2 (n=5) run preci
Page 78 and 79: The method precision for elements p
Page 80 and 81: Two approaches may be utilized to d
Page 82 and 83: For the more recent, full 32 elemen
Page 84 and 85: isotopic data for geologic CRMs, av
Page 86 and 87: Table 4. Interferences observed for
Page 88 and 89: value uncertainty (as %RSD) is repr
Page 90 and 91: 1.50 FeR-4 (n=2) 1.25 JUB / referen
Page 92 and 93: 1 IF-G/shale 0.1 0.01 La Ce Pr Nd P
Page 94 and 95: consistent (App. 1), and similar to
Page 96 and 97:
1.50 SGR-1b (n=3) 1.25 JUB / refere
Page 98 and 99:
1.50 JCh-1 (n=3) 1.25 JUB / referen
Page 100 and 101:
1.50 JDo-1 (n=5) 1.25 JUB / referen
Page 102 and 103:
determinations in carbonate rocks r
Page 104 and 105:
1.50 JMn-1 (n=4) 1.25 JUB / referen
Page 106 and 107:
eference value. The result is that
Page 108 and 109:
eference value and the measured JUB
Page 110 and 111:
the 32 analyzed elements, with Ti b
Page 112 and 113:
Govindaraju K. (1995) 1995 working
Page 114 and 115:
Appendix 1. Analytical data Appendi
Page 116 and 117:
Appendix 1. Literature reference va
Page 118 and 119:
Appendix 1 continued. Data in mg/kg
Page 120 and 121:
the concentration of the major elem
Page 122 and 123:
Potential interferences on monoisot
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1500 0.5 M HCl 4.0 interference on
Page 126 and 127:
4000 0.40 0.20 3500 0.17 mg/kg 0.18
Page 128 and 129:
interference on 95 Mo in sample sol
Page 130 and 131:
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Nd isotopes in 2.9 Ga Archean surfa
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Table 2 Trace element concentration
Page 138 and 139:
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Author's personal copy B.W. Alexand
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and preservation of oxide-facies IF
Page 168 and 169:
TOP relative stratigraphic position
Page 170 and 171:
The mechanism by which the alkali m
Page 172 and 173:
6. Widdel, F. et al. Ferrous iron o
Page 174 and 175:
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82 PRESERVATION OF PRIMARY REE PATT
Page 180 and 181:
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Page 184:
ulk, open ocean seawater tended to
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