Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) in ...

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Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) in Europe – Final Report Degree of Implementation of ICZM Principles in the North Sea Countries 6) Is the process based on participatory planning and management? 7) Does the process support and involve all relevant administrative bodies? 8) Is there a balanced combination of instruments in planning and management? Public participation is a bottom-up approach, and the influence from public stakeholders may be more formal than real, and consequently local-context specificity may be in reality limited and weak. However, the new Environmental Code enables civil societies, such as NGOs, to participate in decision making in a concrete way, rather in the usual reactive way. Recently, NGOs have become more active in the planning process, especially trying to protect certain areas for natural and cultural purposes. In addition, spatial panning involves public participation, with public phases during which the planning proposals are made public and to which objections can be made, if any. This public information in the planning process is regulated by law. In this regard, public access to information is very high. Yes, the relevant administrative bodies in central, regional and local government are involved. There are three relevant levels of statutory planning: the central government, the counties and the municipalities. The municipality has the most overall responsibility, but for more special sector planning it can be the regional level or even the national level that is responsible. However, a need is being felt to invoke more ICZM in municipal planning. The National environmental code is meant to take into account the development within environmental policy. Legislation is used as a tool for reaching the environmental objectives, while the spatial planning is the instrument to achieve these goals. In spite of this, however, there is no overall national legislation specifically for coastal zone planning. On the other hand, there is a long planning tradition and comprehensive planning is used as a tool for integrated planning. A regional planning programme or policy, established by the county administration, could be an appropriate management tool. Weaknesses occur in the problem to get financial means to achieve an active continuous planning, keeping the plan up to date. Also there is a lack of environmental data to fulfil the demands of the Environmental Code. In the meantime, there is an increased awareness on the national level, but the municipalities are supposed to plan for the coastal areas and here ICZM is not a well known expression. Thus the municipalities should be promoted to let them act with their own power. HELCOM recommendations are being incorporated into the Swedish environmental policies as much as possible. United Kingdom 1) Is there a holistic thematic and geographic perspective in the process? 2) Is there a long-term perspective envisaged? 3) Is an adaptive management approach applied during a gradual process? 4) Is the process localcontext specific? 5) Does the ICZM respect and work with natural processes? There is consideration of sectors and levels in a geographical context, but strongly ecological centred. A complex interlinkage between the different institutional authorities on the various levels of the National Government and the Devolved Administrations is documented in the attached stocktake. However, most of the proposed new legislation concerning the Marine Bill deals with areas that are mainly concerned with marine related issues. Specific coastal issues, such as how to integrate land-sea interactions, are not well addressed. No long-term perspective is established so far, but this lack is clearly recognised. However, in the UK National ICZM Strategy report, no statement is made on how to overcome this significant gap. The principle of adaptive management is not mentioned in the ICZM Strategy report and only covered in the Stocktake to a limited extent. In the latter document, it is noted that changes in management systems in the UK about when problems with existing arrangements emerge. It is reactive such as in the case of the development of oil spill contingency planning along the Welsh coast which evolved as reaction to experience gained in dealing with a number of shipping accidents and associated oil spills. On the administrative level coastal management on land is primarily the responsibility of Local Government bodies. The introduction of a new terrestrial planning system (since the stocktake) requires the development of new Regional Spatial Strategies and Local Development Frameworks, which are contributing to a more integrated approach. However, in the absence of any statutory basis for ICZM processes on the local level, the driving force behind many ICZM initiatives has been a desire to tackle issues of local concern. These are often dealt with by the local to national coastal forums and partnerships, which had made ICZM relevant to local people but also has encouraged the development of practical solutions. The draw-back of the voluntary nature of this approach is that some of these local initiatives lack an involvement of all sectoral interests. They are prone to ‘consultation fatigue’ as a result of the large number of initiatives, and face the problem of a limited pool of people with the relevant expertise and time. Being voluntarily, decisions made on the local level are at risk to get bypassed by the authorities as the local initiatives lack adequate resources and political support from higher administrative levels. The lack of consistent or sustainable funding is a further obstacle to local specific ICZM. Throughout all provided documents, the importance to work with the natural processes is recognised. The most prominent example, where this principle has been followed and implemented is the case of shoreline management. The emphasis given to working with natural processes in the development and review of Shoreline Management Plans shows that this approach has become an accepted practice in the UK, at least in the area of coastal protection and flood defence. 18 August 2006 114
Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) in Europe – Final Report Degree of Implementation of ICZM Principles in the North Sea Countries 6) Is the process based on participatory planning and management? 7) Does the process support and involve all relevant administrative bodies? 8) Is there a balanced combination of instruments in planning and management? In the ICZM strategy report (attached to the ICZM National report) participation is understood foremost as being a consultative/informative activity, notably always coming last in the paragraphical order. The sectoral listing of visions, e.g. biodiversity, water quality, etc. makes the visions repetitive. No strategy is explicitly stated on what instruments may be introduced to enhance participation on all levels. The UK has a complex system of legislation and regulation in place, which relates to ICZM. The different sectors and levels are not nested within a coherent structure and have a limited endorsement of issues related to the land-sea interface. The inappropriate and uncoordinated sectoral legislation and policy, often working against the long-term interests of sustainable management of coastal zones has been recognised and tackled by the current development of a National Marine Bill. The regulatory regimes for considering and licensing certain types of marine activities in the sense of ICZM are to date not streamlined due to the current rigid bureaucratic systems and the lack of coordination between relevant administrative bodies. The necessary mix of instruments to deliver ICZM is not stated in the National report, but is briefly elaborated in the stocktake. Coherence between legal instruments and administrative objectives and between planning and management is not given to date on the UK National level. 4.3.4 Scope and Implementation of ICZM on the Regional Sea Level The following sub-chapter focuses on those ICZM elements, which are viewed as being most relevant on the regional seas level. Of special interest is the degree of scope and implementation of these elements in the country towards a regional sea's context. This crosscountry analysis emphasis on the respective national levels whether there is scope for and existing implementation of bi-and/or multilateral agreements. The issues of cross-integration of different institutions from local, regional to national and international levels are another focal point in this chapter. Therefore the scoring in these elements (see table 9 below) may differ from the country-case assessment of the ICZM principles in the previous chapter 4.3.3. • ICZM element "Strategic Approach" endorses aspects of whether and how far the respective country has considered this element to be of relevance to a regional sea policy, e.g. achieving an integrated system that will function across the different jurisdictions that cover the coasts and estuaries of the respective regional sea. • ICZM element "Participation" covers aspects beyond the scope of local participation, but looks more on whether there are mechanisms in place that provide dialogue arenas across national borders, e.g. "whole estuary approach". Similarly, • ICZM element "Holistic Approach/Integration” looks on the transboundary issues at the land-sea interface and the inclusion of the hinterland in a regional seas perspective. • ICZM element “Governance” endorses the improvement of horizontal and vertical integration for better-concerted action across political levels, as well as considers the balance between different interests, e.g. nature conservation, economic growth and social welfare, in a regional seas perspective. • ICZM element “Regional Policy” looks on the existing instruments and mechanisms that foster a joint collaboration on 18 August 2006 115
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Annex A: Final Overview of National
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COUNTRY NATIONAL CONTACT AFFILIATIO
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Analysis of National ICZM Strategie
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3.1.2 Coverage of administrative le
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• European Maritime Policy Papers
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Question Block 3: Implementation of
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Question Block 4: Summary 4a How is
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Make your voice heard! You have bee
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ICZM Evaluation --- Make Your Voice
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Clark, J., (1998). Coastal Zone Pla
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European Commission. (2000) Communi
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Participation. Technical Report EUR
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Pickaver, A. (2003): Integrated Coa
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Belberov, Z., H. Nikolov and E. Tri
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Cyprus: State of Play in Implementi
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Suomen Raportointi EU:N Komissiolle
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Ministère de l'Écologie et du Dé
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Cummins, V., C. O’Mahony and N. C
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HELCOM recommendation 15/1, on Prot
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Povilanskas, R., and Urbis, A. (200
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Planning Authority, 2001. The North
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Spatial Scale in Coastal Zone Manag
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„Jak zaangażować społeczeństw
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Romania National Reporting to EU IC
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Lambrechts A., Tourism Development
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Stocktake and Supporting Documents
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List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
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List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
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