Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) in ...

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Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) in Europe – Final Report Degree of Implementation of ICZM Principles in the Mediterranean Countries Malta 1) Is there a holistic thematic and geographic perspective in the process? 2) Is there a long-term perspective envisaged? 3) Is an adaptive management approach applied during a gradual process? 4) Is the process localcontext specific? 5) Does the ICZM respect and work with natural processes? 6) Is the process based on participatory planning and management? 7) Does the process support and involve all relevant administrative bodies? The Maltese Coastal Strategy looks at the entire coastal zone of the Maltese Islands, including the entire territorial waters zone. Despite establishing a coastal zone boundary, issues and activities outside the coastal zone that have a bearing on it are still considered. Thematically, the Strategy considers most of the sectors identified, and it addresses issues that are cross-cutting too. Since the Strategy is a spatial planning document, the main gaps are the lack of detailed consideration of aspects such as education, training, awareness, social considerations, regional development, and economic considerations including financial implications of implementing the Strategy. The Coastal Strategy Topic Paper does not in itself set a time frame, but since the Structure Plan for the Maltese Islands, into which the Strategy feeds, has a 20-year time frame and is reviewed every 10 years, the Coastal Strategy can be considered to have a similar time frame. Although the Strategy takes into consideration current and future generations under its sustainability principles, it does not directly address long-term changes such as climate change, sea level rise, etc. The planning process in the Maltese Islands is considered an iterative process; it includes monitoring loops (albeit not always structured). Better monitoring through an official monitoring review programme needs to be put in place and implemented. Equally, although social, economic, and environmental data are collected, the data collection programme is not geared towards ICZM. Fine-tuning in this respect would be required. Given the size of the Islands, the Strategy considers national and local issues. Besides identifying a coastal zone boundary, the Coastal Strategy document also classifies the coastal zone into three areas, depending on whether the coast is predominantly urban, predominantly rural, or protected. A protected coast is itself either predominantly rural or predominantly urban. Different parts of the coastal zone have distinctly different characteristics, an aspect highlighted in the Strategy. No part of the coastal zone is sufficiently remote to be completely unaffected by human activity. The Report states clearly that “a strategic approach is required to ensure that this variety (of the coast) is retained within a framework that safeguards both the natural and cultural heritage as well as ensures adequate use of the coast by legitimate coastal uses.” Proposals to identify the carrying capacity of coastal areas have been discussed several times in the past but the evaluator does not have information that such studies have been actually undertaken. However, the effects of new development on natural processes, as well as the effect of natural processes on the coastal area and the new development are considered in assessment studies for coastal projects, including beach nourishment, coastal infrastructure, etc. The Strategy itself comments on past coastal engineering problems and the need to look outside the development area for impacts arising from such works. The Strategy is cognisant of the various natural processes that affect the coastal zone; however, as stated previously, it does not take into account long-term effects such as climate change and the consequent sea level rise. It is mainly concerned with conserving natural resources through the control of development. Stakeholders have been involved in the formulation of the Strategy through one-to-one meetings (especially with government entities, NGOs, and private sector entities), the provision of information (in hard copy and on Malta Environment & Planning Authority (MEPA)’s website), and through the formal public consultation phase required by law. The latter included the publication of the draft Strategy, public meetings during which the Strategy was discussed, and a period of public consultation during which the public could submit their views on the Strategy. All comments received during this period were commented upon and comments and responses published as an appendix to the Strategy. The entire Strategy as well as additional information are public available on MEPA’s website. ICZM is mainly MEPA’s responsibility; various other national entities are also involved. While most of the coordination takes place at a national level, coastal Local Councils are also normally consulted on matters affecting the coastal zone under their jurisdiction (some aspects of coastal zone management are still controlled by central government ministries). There is, therefore, scope to ensure that Local Councils are more involved in ICZM at a general level, and that Local Councils should be encouraged to actively pursue ICZM projects in their locality. Vertical coordination and communication can be improved. The Strategy does not set out an implementation framework where different entities are appointed to carry out different functions. 18 August 2006 162
Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) in Europe – Final Report Degree of Implementation of ICZM Principles in the Mediterranean Countries 8) Is there a balanced combination of instruments in planning and management? Few instruments have been established so far, though many have been considered at some stage. MEPA is actively working on establishing Marine Protected Areas and has recently received funding to collect data for the establishment of one such area. There is more research and education, which however can be better funded, and information made more readily accessible (especially through websites). Although laws and regulations exist, there is no ICZM Act and most ICZM issues are dealt with in separate, and often dysfunctional, legislation. There may be scope for an all inclusive ICZM Act for the Islands and the creation of an entity that has overall responsibility for the implementation of the Strategy and the provisions of the new Act. Slovenia 1) Is there a holistic thematic and geographic perspective in the process? 2) Is there a long-term perspective envisaged? 3) Is an adaptive management approach applied during a gradual process? 4) Is the process localcontext specific? 5) Does the ICZM respect and work with natural processes? 6) Is the process based on participatory planning and management? 7) Does the process support and involve all relevant administrative bodies? 8) Is there a balanced combination of instruments in planning and management? There is no formal ICZM national strategy, however, a set of projects and programmes that come close to a comprehensive strategy. The main important programme is the Regional Development Programme (RDP) which has a holistic thematic and geographic perspective for the short Slovenian coast covered in the South Primorska region. The time horizon of RDP is 5 years because RDP is focusing for implementation of priority action fields and programmes. RDP contains a vision above 5 years and extends the time horizon to future generations. Within the framework of RDP some programmes have even longer time horizons i.e. tourism, agriculture, higher quality of life, rational use of energy, environment, sustainable spatial planning, etc. Long term changes, sea level rise and increasing frequency and violence of storms will be considered in the new RDP 2007-2013, after which national plans dealing with these issues will be prepared. Planning is perceived as an iterative process with formal cycles every 5 years for implementation of priority actions. Further evolution of RDP and ICZM issues has been set up with established sets of ecological, economic and social indicators and reporting mechanisms. By means of different indicators (sustainable development, environmental protection, on the national and local levels) and by horizontally and vertically related data collections, analytical methods, efficient organization and modern technological tools, the regional environmental information system should provide support to strategic planning for mandatory and anticipated tasks and enable efficient monitoring of conditions. One sub programme of RDP is REIS – regional Environment Information System which carry functions of collecting and distributing data with all stakeholders in RDP programme. Due to small extent of the Slovenian coast (about 50 km) no further differentiation of segments or localization of the national coastal zone with respect to specific challenges and responses is necessary. Local governments and coastal communities closer to the coast have different interests in comparison to others in the hinterland (Karst area). One of the main tasks of RDP is to reconcile interests between the coast and the hinterland. For instance the Coastal Area Management Project (CAMP) Slovenia tries to estimate tourism carrying capacity of the coastal zone. It was recognized that the current situation is very much below the carrying capacity. There are also positive renaturation measures implemented by local communities and Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning regarding water management issues. Also a strong intention of local communities was perceived for renaturation measures in streams. All relevant stakeholders (residents as the organized public, local and national government, NGOs and private business sector) are adequately involved in preparation, implementation and evaluation processes. Adequate proportion of coastal land accessible to the public is provided for recreational and aesthetic purposes. To ensure the participation and integration of stakeholders several mechanisms have been implemented: workshops, public hearings, interviews, websites, flyers, brochures, submission of complaints, public displays of plans, general media, etc. Slovenia didn't establish local regional government infrastructure. National government has been involved in preparation of RDP 2002-2006 and is involved in preparation of new RDP 2007-2013. Links to improve horizontal (municipalities) and vertical coordination (national government) have been established and need be improved and strengthened within new RDP. Instruments: - Laws, regulations and programmes on national level: developed, there is a lack of implementation experience due to many new laws and regulations. - Voluntary agreements: under development. - Research and education: new established university and experiences of existing research organizations. - Information provision: a regional environment information system was set up to support decision making on regional and local level. Economic instruments: developed on national and local level (municipalities). 18 August 2006 163
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Annex A: Final Overview of National
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COUNTRY NATIONAL CONTACT AFFILIATIO
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COUNTRY NATIONAL CONTACT AFFILIATIO
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Analysis of National ICZM Strategie
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3.1.2 Coverage of administrative le
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4.1.2 Analysing the degree of using
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ef principle 8: What kind of instru
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• European Maritime Policy Papers
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Question Block 1: Interview Co-ordi
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2d) How are interests, roles and co
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Question Block 3: Implementation of
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Question Block 4: Summary 4a How is
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Make your voice heard! You have bee
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ICZM Evaluation --- Make Your Voice
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Clark, J., (1998). Coastal Zone Pla
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European Commission. (2000) Communi
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Participation. Technical Report EUR
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Pickaver, A. (2003): Integrated Coa
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Belberov, Z., H. Nikolov and E. Tri
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Cyprus: State of Play in Implementi
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Cummins, V., C. O’Mahony and N. C
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HELCOM recommendation 15/1, on Prot
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Povilanskas, R., and Urbis, A. (200
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Planning Authority, 2001. The North
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Spatial Scale in Coastal Zone Manag
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„Jak zaangażować społeczeństw
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Romania National Reporting to EU IC
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Lambrechts A., Tourism Development
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Stocktake and Supporting Documents
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List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
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List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
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