Railway Reform: Toolkit for Improving Rail Sector Performance - ppiaf

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Railway Reform: Toolkit for Improving Rail Sector Performance Annex 2: Benchmarking provides traffic volumes by commodity, track length, and electrification (http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/) • Regulatory Agencies often require railways to provide detailed statistical reports. For example, the U.S. Surface Transportation Board requires large railways to file R-1 reports with detailed operational and financial statistics. (http://www.stb.dot.gov/stb/industry/econ_reports.html Comparing statistics from multiple data sources requires great care to ensure consistency. Definitions, pitfalls, and interpretation issues are discussed below. Infrastructure Typically, infrastructure statistics such as line-km, track-km, km of electrified line, km of double track line, are accurate. Definitions to note are the following: • Track-km. Track length in kilometers, counting every track. 100 km of double track = 200 track-km. Track-km may be disaggregated by gauge, electrification, main lines, secondary lines, or station track. • Route-km. Railway line length, regardless of single or multiple tracks. 100 km of double track = 100 route-km. Route-km may be disaggregated by gauge or electrification. Route-km is often referred to as line-km. • Track gauge. Distance between the rails, disaggregated into four categories: (i) narrow gauge (NG) is less than one meter; (ii) meter gauge (MG) includes both true meter—1000 mm, and “Cape Gauge” —1067 mm; (iii) standard gauge (SG) is 1435 mm; and (iv) broad gauge (BG) includes all gauges greater than standard. Broad gauge is found in former Soviet countries and the Baltic Republics (1520 mm), and India (1676 mm). Rolling stock fleets Some railways report only locomotives, coaches, or wagons that are serviceable; others report their entire fleet and distinguish between ‘total’ fleet and ‘serviceable’ fleet. The difference, referred to as the availability ratio, can be significant. Some railways record three categories of rolling stock: in service, inoperable but repairable, and beyond repair. In some railways, equipment beyond repair is still included in the fleet, distorting the apparent size of the fleet, availability ratio, and measures of rolling stock productivity. Locomotives Often, locomotive fleets are reported by type of power—steam, diesel or electric— and purpose—main line or shunting. Each railway has its own definition of ‘main line’, so this term covers a range of locomotive sizes. The lightweight locomotives used by smaller railways as main line would be used only for marshalling (switching) on larger railways with heavier flows. In former Soviet countries, railways often permanently coupled two locomotives, and counted the two units as one locomotive. A single locomotive used for lighter work (e.g., passenger) would also be counted as one locomotive. Therefore, when The World Bank Page 226
Railway Reform: Toolkit for Improving Rail Sector Performance Annex 2: Benchmarking comparing locomotive productivity statistics, analysts must adjust figures so that multiple-unit locomotives are counted in a consistent way. Multiple units The rolling stock that is most difficult to measure is multiple unit (MU) passenger equipment. This equipment forms passenger trains that are not hauled by a locomotive. Instead, some or all of the coaches include power units. The ratio of powered coaches to un-powered trailer coaches can range from 1:1 to as high as 1:3. Published statistics do not always clarify whether MU equipment consists of individual coaches or sets of MU trains. If a railway has substantial MU operations, the number of coaches may be unclear. The use of MUs must be considered when compiling statistics, because MUs may substitute for locomotives and coaches and may be responsible for some or all of the production of passenger service. Passenger coaches Passenger coaches vary in seating density—more seats per car for shorter distances, fewer for longer distances—and in the numbers of sleeping or dining coaches. Counting multiple unit (MU) coaches is often complex in countries with significant commuter services. Freight wagons Wagons vary by size and type, and one freight wagon might carry up to four times the gross weight of another wagon. For example, some railways, operate economically obsolete, two-axle wagons with maximum axle loadings as low as 15 metric tons (30 ton maximum gross weight), whereas a few state-of-the-art heavy haul freight railways uniformly use four-axle wagons with axle loadings as high as 35 or even 40 ton (140 to 160 tons maximum gross weight). Also, in many countries, customers own a substantial part of the fleet. Thus, in calculating productivity statistics, care must be taken to match output (ton-km) and production (wagon-km) with the wagons that produced it. Passenger traffic Accuracy of passenger counts is improving due to advances in ticketing systems. However, inaccurate figures are common if high numbers of seasonal or multiride tickets are sold. This is particularly an issue for railways with substantial suburban passenger traffic, and in countries such as Russia, where many passengers have social privileges and therefore ride without being ticketed. Also, railways with multiple passenger interchanges, for example between long-haul and short-haul trains, often record two trips rather than one trip, thus inflating passenger numbers. For example, every day Indian Railways in Mumbai transports more than five million commuters using seasonal or multi-ride tickets. Passenger sampling yields estimates of actual ridership and trip length, but sampling must be designed and executed to yield accurate estimates. Freight traffic Statistics for railway freight tonnage are usually reliable because tariff revenues are based on tonnage. Major sources of inaccuracy are (i) weighing, because shippers have incentives to report lower weight and (ii) traffic interchanged between railways, where tonnages can inadvertently be double counted. Generally, The World Bank Page 227
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Railway Reform: Toolkit for Improving Rail Sector Performance - ppiaf

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